Крок 1 · Медицина 2025 · АМПС

In some diseases of the nervous system, damage with chromatolysis phenomena can be observed in the neurocytes. What intracellular metabolic processes become disturbed in the neurons?

The most important mediator of the central nervous system is gamma-aminobutyric acid. When decarboxylated, which of the amino acids is this biogenic amine formed?

A patient with femoral neck fracture, who for a long time had to remain in bed in a forced (supine) position, has developed dark-brown lesions along the backbone; soft tissues are swollen, in the areas of maceration there is a foul-smelling liquid. Name the clinicopathologic type of necrosis:

Examination shows that the patient's sternocleidomastoid muscle and the upper edge of the trapezius muscle suffer from atrophy. Turning the head into the opposite direction is problematic. What nerve is affected in this case?

During the examination of a child, the doctor noticed symmetrical roughness of the child's cheeks, diarrhea, and nervous disorders. What nutritional factors are deficient in this case, causing this condition in the child?

The frog's CNS structure was destroyed, causing the animal to lean towards destruction due to a significant decrease in extensor tone. What CNS structure was damaged?

A 38-year-old woman presents for evaluation to a clinic with painful ulceration in her right breast for the last 2 months. She is worried because the ulcer is increasing in size. On further questioning, she says that she has a discharge from her right nipple as well. Her mother and aunt died of breast cancer at 60 and 54 years of age, respectively. Her right breast is enlarged and firm, with thickened skin, diffuse erythema, and an ulcer measuring 3x3 cm. Mammography is ordered that shows a mass with a large area of parenchymal distortion, and extensive soft tissue and trabecular thickening in the affected breast. The patient subsequently undergoes core needle and full-thickness skin punch biopsies. The pathology report states a clear dermal lymphatic invasion. Which of the following is the most common site for metastatic disease in this pathology?

A histological specimen demonstrates a parenchymal organ, the structural and functional unit of which is a follicle. The wall of the follicle is formed by cuboidal cells. The cavity of the follicle is filled with a colloid. What organ is being demonstrated in the specimen?

A patient with hyperthyroidism has high body temperature. What energy metabolism disorder is the leading one in the rise of the body temperature in this case?

Genealogical analysis of a family with a hereditary pathology of optic nerve atrophy has determined that this medical condition is passed on only by the mothers, both girls and boys can be affected, and the sick father does not pass on the disease to his daughters or sons. What type of hereditary disease is it?

A man was hospitalized in a comatose state. His medical history states that he has been suffering from type II diabetes mellitus for 5 years. Objectively, his respiration is noisy and deep. His blood glucose is 15.2 mmol/L, ketone bodies - 100 µmol/L. What complication of diabetes mellitus can be characterized by such findings?

A patient presents with smoothed out right nasolabial fold and dilated right palpebral fissure (it cannot be closed during squinting, because the eyelids do not close). The patient has problems with talking and eating (food stuck between the cheek and teeth). What nerve is damaged in this case?

Examination of a patient detected accumulation of sphingomyelins in the cell lysosomes of the patient's liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow, and brain, caused by the lack of sphingomyelinase enzyme. What pathology is most likely in this patient?

In cases of fatty infiltration of the liver, the synthesis of phospholipids becomes disrupted. In such cases, the patients are advised to eat more cottage cheese, because it contains a certain substance that can promote the methylation process in the synthesis of phospholipids. Name this substance.

A patient diagnosed with chronic bronchitis underwent a biopsy of the main bronchus. The patient has a 30-year-long history of smoking. Histology of the biopsy material revealed stratified squamous epithelium. What pathological process in the main bronchus does it indicate?

Autopsy of the body of a 40-year-old man, who died of odontogenic sepsis, revealed sharp thickening of poorly mobile semilunar aortic valves. The tissue of the valve is whitish and opaque. Its outer surface has thrombotic deposits 1×1.5 cm in size. What type of endocarditis is it?

A patient with chronic glomerulonephritis has impaired renal endocrine function. What blood cell deficiencies are observed in this pathological condition?

In the removed uterus of a 55-year-old woman, a pathologist has found a dense node in the thickness of the myometrium. The node is 5 cm in diameter and has clear boundaries. On section, its tissues are gray-pink and fibrous. Microscopically, the tumor consists of smooth muscle cells that form bundles of varying thickness, and of layers of connective tissue, hyalinized in some places. What tumor has developed in the patient?

A patient was prescribed an adrenomimetic drug to stop an attack of bronchial asthma. Select this drug from the list.

A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, comes to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathioprine and corticosteroid. Her vital signs show blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, pulse 91/min, temperature 36.8 °C, respiratory rate 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face. The laboratory studies reveal hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of renal injury in this patient?

An unidentified surgical specimen is received for histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Light microscopy of the specimen reveals an organ with capsule and pulp. A capsule consists of dense connective tissue, which forms trabecular extensions and penetrates the parenchyma. The white pulp houses periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS), which are populated by T-cells and surround central arteries. Which of the following organs most likely complies with described histological findings?

A person with drug-induced poisoning is unconscious and presents with miosis and intensified spinal monosynaptic reflexes. What substance could be the cause of the poisoning in this case?

A patient has been diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. His blood was tested for the activity of cardiospecific enzymes. Which one among the detected enzymes has three isoforms?

A parenchyma sample was taken from a hematopoietic organ of a patient for diagnostic purposes. The sample contains megakaryocytes. What hematopoietic organ is it?

A 64-year-old man presents with a tremor in his legs and arms. He says he has had the tremor for some time, but it has worsened in the last year. The tremor is more prominent at rest and almost disappears on movement. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. He is hunched over and his face is expressionless throughout examination. There is a prominent resting tremor that is accentuated when the patient is asked to clench the contralateral hand and alleviated by finger-nose testing. The patient has difficulty taking the first step, has a stooped posture and takes short rapid shuffling steps. A doctor initiates pharmacotherapy and the drug of first line, levodopa, is prescribed. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this drug?

The Wasserman reaction is markedly positive (++++) in a 30-year-old man. What infectious disease is diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction?

A woman, who was undergoing treatment for insomnia, was found unconscious. Her respiration is inhibited, she is in a collaptoid state and presents with muscle hypotonia and absence of reflexes. Empty medicine packages were found at the site of the accident. What medicine could have caused such a condition in the patient?

During surgical intervention, an organ is removed from a 34-year-old patient and sent for histologic evaluation. The pathologist examines the slide. The organ is encased in a connective tissue capsule that extends septae into the organ's substance, which is portioned into cortex and medulla. It is richly vascularized and capsular blood vessels penetrate along with the septae. The medulla is fairly homogeneous and consists of chromaffin cells, but in the cortex, three concentric zones can be distinguished. Which of the following is the most likely organ?

A 26-year-old female patient with bronchitis has been administered a broad spectrum antibiotic as a causal treatment drug. Name this drug:

A 3-year-old child has an acute intestinal infection with profuse diarrhea, followed by the development of anhydremic shock. What is the leading link in the development of this complication?

Participation of a certain part of the central nervous system is mandatory for the formation of voluntary defecation in a child. What part of the central nervous system is it?

A patient undergoes right-sided pulmonectomy due to lung cancer. Name the anatomical structures of the right lung root (downward order):

In the course of an urgent surgery, the vermiform appendix of the patient was excised. The appendix was acutely distended and gray-black throughout its entire length. In the distal segment a defect of the appendix wall was detected, through which a foul-smelling gray-brown substance was being discharged from the appendix lumen. Histological analysis shows necrotization of the appendix wall with hemorrhagic foci; the lumen of the mesenteric artery is filled with a thrombus. What type of appendicitis is it?

The bacteriological laboratory needs to prepare for analysis of the materials that are suspected to be contaminated with spores of anthrax causative agent. What diagnostic preparation allows for quick detection of these spores?

A surgeon suspects inflammation of the Meckel's diverticulum in a 10-year-old child. This condition requires a surgical intervention. What part of the intestine must be inspected to find the diverticulum?

In a seven-year-old child, the disease began acutely with hyperthermia, catarrhal phenomena, and diarrhea. In the second week, respiratory disorders, flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities, and bilateral focal pneumonia were added on X-ray. During the autopsy, foci of glial reaction were found in the anterior horns of the spinal cord around dead neurons. What disease caused the child's death?

A 65-year-old patient with a history of coronary artery disease presents to the doctor's office complaining of dizziness and sudden onset of redness of his skin. His blood pressure is 100/50 mm Hg, respiratory rate — 14/min. Which of the following medications did this patient most likely misuse?

A 27-year-old parturient woman undergoes a complicated childbirth with impending cervical rupture. What pain relief medicine would be the safest in this case?

A 50-year-old patient has been hospitalized with signs of a hypertensive crisis. What is associated with a sharp increase in the blood pressure?

When ascending to the top of Elbrus, a mountain climber experiences oxygen starvation, dyspnea, palpitations, and numbness of the extremities. What kind of hypoxia has developed in the mountain climber?

The patient's ECG shows that the ST segment is displaced above the isoelectric line by 1 mm and the T wave duration is increased to 0.25 seconds. What process is disturbed in the patient, causing these changes on the ECG?

One of the rules of surgery is to make incisions along the so-called Langer's lines (lines of skin tension). What tissue forms the strongest layer of the dermis — the reticular dermis?

As a result of a stroke (hemorrhage in the brain), the patient cannot perform voluntary movements of the muscles in the head and neck. Brain examination using the NMR imaging revealed that the hematoma was located in the genu of the internal capsule. What conduction pathway is damaged in this patient?

High molecular weight proteins were detected in the patient's urine. What is likely to be disturbed in the patient, causing this disorder?

The plasma cell produces specific antibodies against a certain antigen. When the antigen is introduced into the body, the number of plasma cells increases. What blood cells increase in number in this case, resulting in increased total number of plasma cells?

A 72-year-old patient with hypertension was recommended a drug from the group of calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure. What will be the effect of these drugs on the function of the ventricular myocardium?

Histological microslide shows a vessel with the wall that consists of endothelium, basement membrane, and loose connective tissue. What type of vessel is it?

The cytoskeleton of cells consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. What protein do microtubules contain?

A 42-year-old man died of acute anemia due to pulmonary hemorrhage. An irregularly-shaped round cavity 5–6 cm in size was detected in the second segment of the right lung. The cavity communicates with the bronchial lumen. The inner surface of the cavity is uneven and covered with a flabby, yellowish tissue. Its wall is thin and consists of compacted lung tissue alterations. Histology shows that the inner layer of the cavity consists of molten caseous masses with a large number of segmented leukocytes. What is indicated by the changes detected in the lungs of the deceased man?

An increase in the circulating blood volume under the influence of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone leads to the activation of secretion of a certain substance. What substance is it?

During an exam, the student's absolute pain threshold is higher than when the student is at rest. What system activates in the body, causing this phenomenon?

A 28-year-old woman's blood test revealed hyperchromia of erythrocytes, megalocytes, and megaloblasts. What type of anemia does the patient have?

A patient has an angina pectoris attack. What myotropic drug with resorptive action can be used to stop the attack?

What changes in the isolated heart can be expected after the introduction of adrenaline into the perfusion solution?

A 6-year-old child was diagnosed with a helminthic infestation. What changes in the child's leukogram should be expected in this case?

A 35-year-old woman complains of pain in her joints and numbness of her fingers and toes. During examination, a doctor notes that the patient's face is amimic and has thickened skin. Biopsy of a cutaneous flap was performed for this patient. Histology detects disorganization of dermal connective tissue, mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, and foci of gross sclerosis and hyalinosis. Atrophy of integumental structures, sclerosis of vascular intima, and perivascular sclerosis are observed in the patient.

Material from a patient with a diagnosis of peritonitis was delivered to the bacteriological laboratory. Microscopic examination revealed gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. What morphological structure of a bacterial cell determines Gram staining?

A 30-year-old man was hospitalized with profuse diarrhea lasting for 12 hours. There was no vomiting. What changes can be observed in the patient's water-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance?

A 65-year-old man with liver cirrhosis developed a significant decrease in blood pressure. What mechanism can be the cause of arterial hypotension in this case?

Oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids produces a large amount of energy, the main portion of which is generated in the process of acetyl-CoA oxidation. How many ATP molecules are formed as a result of complete oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule?

After an intracerebral hemorrhage, the patient's speech became indistinct. Sound production in the larynx and movements of the lower jaw are retained. The nuclei of what nerves have been affected by the hemorrhage in this case?

A 56-year-old man presents for a checkup. The patient says he has to urinate quite frequently, but denies any dysuria or pain on urination. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension, both managed medically. Current medications are metformin, aspirin, captopril and furosemide. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Glycated Hemoglobin (Hb A1c) — 8.0%, Fasting Blood Glucose — 12 mmol/L. His doctor decides to add glibenclamide to the therapy. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this drug's action?

Under the action of which enzyme is arachidonic acid (a source of eicosanoid synthesis) released from the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes?

A 16-year-old girl has no hair on the pubis and in the armpits, her mammary glands are underdeveloped, she has no menstruation. What hormone imbalance is the likely cause of these symptoms?

In the experiment, the axons of the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus were cut in an animal. The accumulation of which hormone will be disrupted in the pituitary gland?

Ionizing radiation or vitamin E deficiency affect the cell by increasing lysosome membrane permeability. What are the possible consequences of this pathology?

During a surgery with administration of an inhalation anesthetic and muscle relaxants, the anesthesiologist noticed a rapid increase in the patient's body temperature that reached 43 °C. What pathology did the patient develop?

Autopsy of the body of a 14-year-old child who died of pneumonia revealed the following: multiple punctate and spotty hemorrhages in the skin, mucosa, and serous membranes; an enlarged flaccid spleen that is red on section and yields only a small amount of material when scraped; enlarged pale gray mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes with a slightly pinkish tint on the cross-section; raspberry-red bone marrow in flat and tubular bones. What disease is indicated by the described changes?

A 37-year-old man is admitted to hospital with mental confusion and disorientation. His wife reports he became more irritable and forgetful in the past year. In addition, she notes that he became a vegan a year ago, and currently, his diet consists of starchy foods like potatoes, corn, and leafy vegetables. GI symptoms include anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting. He has glossitis and skin lesions that appear as vesicles over the extremities. Eczema-like lesions around the mouth, as well as desquamation and roughened skin over the hands are also present. Neurologic examination reveals symmetrical hypesthesia for all types of sensation in both upper and lower extremities in a 'glove and stocking' distribution. Deficiency in diet of which of the following amino acids is the most likely cause of this condition?

The molecule of immature mRNA (pro-mRNA) contains more triplets than there are amino acids in the synthesized protein, because translation is normally preceded by:

A 48-year-old woman diagnosed with sciatica complains of severe pain. From the anamnesis, it is known that she is undergoing treatment for duodenal ulcer. Which selective COX-2 blocker should be prescribed to the patient?

A woman, who complains of a constant feeling of fear and anxiety, has been diagnosed with neurosis and prescribed a drug with an anxiolytic effect. What drug is it?

A child inhaled a button that was later removed from the right main bronchus using a bronchoscope. What bronchial epithelium is most likely to be damaged by such a foreign body?

Into what anatomical area does the frontal sinus orifice open through the ethmoid bone?

IgM to the rubella virus have been detected in a pregnant woman. Based on these findings, the obstetrician-gynecologist recommended terminating the pregnancy due to the high probability of teratogenic effects on the fetus. It is important that specifically IgM have been detected, because immunoglobulins of this class:

A 47-year-old woman became blind due to chronic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. A conjunctival scraping was prepared to detect cytoplasmic inclusions specific for this pathogen. Which of the following methods should be used to stain it?

A 33-year-old woman has hepatocerebral dystrophy (Wilson's disease). Ceruloplasmin levels in her blood are decreased. Amino acid levels are sharply increased in her urine. These changes are primarily caused by the intensification of the following process:

A patient diagnosed with epidemic encephalitis has unilateral or bilateral ptosis (drooping eyelid), divergent strabismus, and accommodation disorders. The pupils are dilated. Which pair of cranial nerves are affected?

During histological examination of autopsy material from a deceased pregnant woman, cells of the squamous epithelium of the embryonic skin, vellus hair, caseous grease, and mucins from the embryonic digestive tract were found in the microcirculatory bed of the lungs. Edema, diffuse damage to the alveoli, and systemic thrombosis with fibrin clots were also detected in the lungs. What type of embolism did the woman develop?

During local anesthesia the patient has gone into anaphylactic shock. What drug must be administered to the patient?

During microscopic examination of a preparation prepared from the peripheral area of the lung, a cross-section of a tubular formation was revealed, the wall of which consists of the mucous and adventitious membranes. The surface of the mucous membrane has numerous folds, and the muscular plate is formed by a continuous layer of smooth myocytes. What element of the airways is this?

Histones are small basic proteins, bound to DNA in chromatin. They contain numerous positively charged amino acid residues, which ensures their strong bond with the acidic groups of DNA. Name the most common amino acids in histones.

In a 46-year-old man, laboratory blood tests revealed increased creatine phosphokinase activity. What pathological condition is most likely to have occurred in the patient?

A 20-year-old female comes to the clinic after missing her last 2 periods. Her cycles are usually regular, occurring at 28-30 day interval with moderate bleeding and some abdominal discomfort. Her doctor reveals loss of vision in the lateral halves of both eyes. Involvement of which of the following structures would you most likely expect to be the reason of bitemporal hemianopsia?

Bacteriological analysis of tap water shows the following: total bacterial count in 1.0 mL of water is 80, coli index is 3. What would be the conclusion?

A smear prepared from the duodenal content of a patient with maldigestion contained protozoa 10-18 mcm in size, with pear-shaped body, 4 pairs of flagella, and two symmetrically positioned nuclei in the widened front part of the body. What type of protozoa is the most likely in this case?

A 32-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with an injury to his left hand. During the examination, a cut wound was found in the area of the thumb elevation and difficulty in flexing it. What muscle was damaged?

A 59-year-old man, a business manager, developed intense burning retrosternal pain with irradiation into the left arm. The pain occurred in the evening after the tax audit. 15 minutes later the patient's condition normalized. What mechanism of angina pectoris development is leading in this patient?

A poisoning caused by sulema (mercury dichloride) has occurred at a factory. Two days later, the person, who had suffered from the sulema exposure, developed the 24-hour diuresis of 620 mL, headache, vomiting, convulsions, and dyspnea. What diagnosis can be made in this case?

A man has an impairment of a certain part of his central nervous system, which manifests as asthenia, muscle dystonia, and a balance disorder. What part of the central nervous system is affected in this case?

A woman came to a medical and genetic consultancy requesting to assess the risk of hemophilia in her children. Her husband has hemophilia. History-taking revealed that the woman's family had no cases of hemophilia. What is the risk of this couple giving birth to a child with this disease?

A 13-year-old girl was prescribed a drug for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia, which stimulates the transition from megaloblastic to normoblastic hematopoiesis and participates in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, activates the synthesis of protein and methionine. What drug was prescribed to the patient?

A 28-year-old patient has been hospitalized with complaints of abdominal pain, loose stools, weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. The patient has a history of a surgery for acute intestinal obstruction 2 years ago, with resection of 60 cm of the small intestine. At the time of the hospitalization, the patient's blood test results were as follows: erythrocytes - 2.4·10¹²/L, reticulocytes - 0.4%, hemoglobin - 80 g/L, color index - 1.25. The blood smear test detected macroanisocytes, poikilocytes, isolated megaloblasts, what pathology of the blood system can be characterized by such findings?

A newborn delivered at 33 weeks of gestation has a respiratory rate of 70/min and heart rate of 148/min 2 hours after birth. He is grunting and has intercostal and subcostal retractions. He has peripheral cyanosis as well. An immediate chest radiograph is taken which shows a fine reticular granulation on both lungs distress syndrome due to surfactant deficiency. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of these clinical and imaging findings?

During the surgery on the small intestine the surgeon revealed an area of the mucous membrane with a single longitudinal fold among the circular folds. Which portion of the small intestine is this structure typical for?

A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia had a sudden onset of right-sided weakness. By the time the ambulance arrived, he had difficulty speaking. Unfortunately, the patient died within the next 2 hours and an autopsy was performed immediately. The gross examination of the cerebral left hemisphere showed brain swelling, widened gyri and poorly demarcated gray-white junction. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's death?

Pathologies of lipid metabolism include sphingolipidoses that can be characterized by the accumulation of excess phospholipids and sphingolipids, mainly in the nervous tissue. What disease is associated with accumulation of GM₂ ganglioside in the body?

A 40-year-old prisoner died of tuberculosis. Autopsy of the body revealed deformation and diminishing of both lung apices; in the both upper lobes there are multiple cavities with dense walls 2-3 mm thick; in the lower lung lobes there are disseminated foci of caseous necrosis varying from 5 mm to 2 cm in diameter. Diagnose the type of tuberculosis:

A man died after a surgery for the perforation of the colon wall with signs of diffuse purulent peritonitis. Autopsy shows that the mucosa of the colon wall is thickened, covered in a fibrinous membrane, and has isolated ulcers that penetrate it to varying depths. Histology detects mucosal necrosis, the presence of fibrin, and leukocyte infiltration with hemorrhagic foci. What disease developed a complication in this case, causing the death of this man?

The father and mother are healthy. Amniocentesis detects that the karyotype of the fetus is 45, X0. Make the diagnosis.

A patient with frequent hemorrhages from the internal organs and mucous membranes has proline and lysine in the composition of collagen fibers. Their hydroxylation is impaired because of the following vitamin deficiency:

Five hours after eating seafood, a 22-year-old woman developed small itchy papules on the skin of her torso and distal parts of her limbs. The papules were partially merging with each other. 24 hours later, the rash spontaneously disappeared. What mechanism of hypersensitivity underlies these changes?

A 24-year-old male decided to run a marathon after being untrained for a long period. The next day he visits his doctor with a chief complaint of severe pain in his thighs and shins. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

What function do goblet cells of the single-layered multi-row ciliated epithelium of the bronchi perform?

Echo-planar imaging is a technique that uses gamma rays for MRI scans.

During the ascent into the mountains, a climber at an altitude of 6000 meters above sea level developed euphoria, inadequate assessment of the situation, and hallucinations. What is the leading cause in the development of these signs of mountain sickness?

What is the mechanism of development of the analgesic effect of a narcotic analgesic?

A patient with chronic heart failure developed signs of pulmonary edema. What diuretic must be prescribed to the patient for rapid correction of this complication?

During a pathological childbirth, separation of the pubic bones occurred in the woman. What type of bone junction was damaged in this case?

A 63-year-old man, who has been suffering from chronic fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis for 24 years, has been delivered to a nephrology department with uremia. Intravital diagnostic test for amyloid in the kidneys was positive. What amyloidosis is it in this case?

A person with a head injury in the temporal region has been diagnosed with an epidural hematoma. What artery is most likely to be damaged in this case?

A woman was hospitalized because of posterior wall myocardial infarction in the left ventricle. In this case, the circulation will be impaired in the following artery:

A patient is diagnosed with acute morphine hydrochloride intoxication. Prescribe an oxidizing agent for gastric lavage:

During the healing of a wound, a scar made of connective tissue develops in the area of the tissue defect. What cells cause this process?

A 35-year-old woman has come to her physician with a chief complaint of elevated blood pressure up to 180/100 mm Hg. She currently does not take any medication. During the physical examination, her blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg and temperature is 36.8°C. She has a 'moon face', centripetal obesity, and striae on the skin with atrophy over the abdomen and thighs. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?

Large cells containing numerous lysosomes, many nuclei, and a corrugated zone were found in the bone tissue. What are these cells called?

During the lunch, a person ate salted herring and potatoes with pickles. After a while, this person became thirsty. This sensation has been caused by impulse from certain receptors. Name these receptors.

A patient has been fasting for 48 hours. What substances are used by muscle tissue as energy sources under these conditions?

Helicobacter pylori was detected in a patient with peptic ulcer disease of the stomach. What drug should be used in this case?

A patient presents with a disturbed process of urea synthesis. It indicates the pathology of the following organ:

Which group of organisms has nucleoids — circular DNA molecules that form chromosomes of simple structure (histones are absent)?

A microslide demonstrates an organ with its wall consisting of three layers. The inner layer has tubular glands and undergoes cyclic changes. Name this organ:

A 56-year-old woman complains of pain in the small joints of her hands and feet. She has been experiencing these symptoms for the last 12 years. Examination of her hands detects a subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joints with fingers bent outwards ('walrus flippers'). There are high molecular weight immune complexes in the patient's blood. What diagnosis can be made in this case?

A patient with chronic bronchitis was prescribed a drug with mucolytic action. Name this drug:

What eye function is impaired in case of damage to the ciliary body?

Infectious diseases are treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol). They inhibit the following stage of protein synthesis:

As a result of industrial exposure to chromium compounds, a woman has developed allergic dermatitis on both her hands. What skin cells are mainly involved in the manifestation of this disease?

In an experiment on an animal, the removal of a section of the cerebral cortex erased the previously developed conditioned reflexes in response to light stimulation. What section of the cortex was removed?

In a patient with diabetes mellitus, regeneration processes are reduced and wounds do not heal for a long time. What metabolic changes cause this condition in the patient?

After delivery of a child by a pregnant woman, the midwife notices a defect in external genitalia of a newborn. The woman only had one prenatal ultrasound that reported a male fetus. On physical examination, the neonatologists notice a short, broad penis with an orifice in its dorsal aspect, both testicles are present in the scrotum. Which of the following is the most likely congenital abnormality?

Examination of a patient with a hearing impairment shows that the pathological process is localized at the level of the lateral lemniscus formation. At what level does it normally form in the brain?

A 55-year-old woman has mitral valve insufficiency and had myocarditis 10 years ago. Currently she has no complaints. Her hemodynamics is within the normal range. What general nosology concept corresponds with this situation?

In an experiment a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of food and a flash of light. After conditioning the reflex, the light was then paired with the bell. The dog didn't start to salivate. What type of inhibition was observed?

Brain MRI shows a local dilation (aneurysm) of an artery in the lateral sulcus. What vessel has pathological changes in this case?

A large number of glucose oxidation metabolites are dissolved in the cytoplasm of myocytes. What metabolite can be directly converted into lactate?

Deficiency of which blood clotting factor causes hemophilia B?

In the body of a 37-year-old woman, who died with signs of pulmonary edema, there was detected an acute deformation of the aortic valve: it is shortened, thickened, has areas of stone-like density. On its external surface there are large, up to 2 cm in diameter, polypous thrombi. The left ventricle wall is dull and flaccid. What type of endocarditis corresponds with the described changes in the aortic valve?

A 45-year-old woman developed a pigmented nodule on her facial skin. Microscopically, the biopsy revealed fields of spindle-shaped and polymorphic cells containing brown pigment, with a large number of mitoses. What pathological condition did the patient have?

A 39-year-old man comes to the doctor with complaints of chest pain and cough with occasional blood-streaked sputum. He does not have increased temperature or night sweating and his history is insignificant for smoking or alcohol abuse. However, he mentions visiting a relative who owns a sheep farm. Radiographic examination shows a cyst in the left lower lobe, and the serological test is positive. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?

What complication will arise in a patient diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and a significant decrease in serum albumin and globulin levels?

A 45-year-old woman comes to her physician with complaints of excessive fatigue and weakness. She says that these symptoms have been present for the past month. On further questioning, she admits having lost 3 kilograms in the last 2 weeks. On physical examination, she is a tired-appearing thin woman. Hyperpigmentation is present over many areas of her body, most prominently over the face, neck and back of hands (areas exposed to light). Increased production of which of the following hormones is the most likely cause of hyperpigmentation in this patient?

A 70-year-old man has suffered a femoral fracture as a result of a fall. What is the most common fracture site in this bone at this age?

What is the form of acid-base imbalance in patients with accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood serum?

The cardiology department has received a patient with complaints of tachycardia, shortness of breath, and cyanotic mucosa. Examination detects leg edemas and ascites. What drug must be prescribed to the patient in this case?

A patient was hospitalized with the following diagnosis: exacerbated peptic ulcer disease of the duodenum, duodenal bulb ulcer. Gastric juice analysis shows high secretory and acid-producing function of the stomach. What drug inhibits the secretory function of the gastric glands by blocking H₂ receptors?

A patient with liver cirrhosis has persistent arterial hypotension (blood pressure — 90/50 mm Hg). What causes the decrease in blood pressure in such a liver pathology?

A 10-year-old child has painful swallowing, neck edema, temperature rise up to 39.0°C, the whole body is covered with bright-red petechial rash. Back of the throat and tonsils are hyperemic, the tongue is crimson-colored. Tonsillar surface is covered with isolated grayish-colored necrosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 37-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, dry cough, and shortness of breath. She is a nonsmoker. Her blood pressure 100/65 mm Hg, pulse — 76/min., respiratory rate — 23/min. Her physical exam is significant for bibasilar lung crackles and a low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the apical region without radiation. She has jugular vein distention and bilateral pitting edema. Despite considerable efforts in the emergency department, she dies from sudden cardiac death at night. The patient's heart shows a mitral stenosis. Histologic examination reveals increased connective tissue in the myocardium and Ashoff-Talalaev's granulomas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

When the stimulation frequency of an isolated heart of a rabbit increases, incomplete relaxation of the ventricles of the heart can be observed because of:

A geneticist examined a pregnant woman and determined that she has monozygotic twins. What process has resulted in the development of twins?

A woman complains of leg edema, cyanotic skin, and small ulcers on the side of the lateral malleolus. Examination detects swelling, enlarged veins, and formation of nodes. What vein is involved in the pathology in this case?

A patient with acute appendicitis has been hospitalized into the surgical department. An appendectomy under local anesthesia was initially recommended to the patient. However, it was later discovered that the patient had a history of frequent allergic reactions to medicines. Select from the list the drug that would be the optimal choice for infiltration anesthesia in this case.

A 14-year old girl presents to the emergency department for evaluation. She states there is no history of trauma but mentions she had a history of sickle cell disease. On physical examination, her upper part of right shin is very painful, red, swollen and hot. Her temperature is 39.2°C. An X-ray shows focal bony lysis and loss of trabecular architecture metaphysis of right tibia. Increased activity of which of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone reabsorption in this patient?

RNA of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has penetrated the leukocyte and stimulated the cell to synthesize viral DNA using the revertase enzyme. Name this process:

A histological specimen of an eyeball shows a biconvex structure, connected to the ciliary body with the fibrous strands of the ciliary zonule and covered on top with a transparent capsule. What structure is it?

At the post-mortem examination, the stomach of a patient with renal failure was found to have a yellow-brown coating on the thickened mucosa. The coating was firmly adhering to its surface and had significant thickness. Microscopy revealed congestion and necrosis of mucosal and submucosal layers. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient at the oncology department has undergone radiation therapy. After that, morphology detected a significant disruption in the process of regeneration of the epithelial layer in the small intestine mucosa. What cells of the epithelial membrane are damaged in this case?

After a hemorrhage into the left hemisphere of the brain, the patient has lost the ability to speak. In this case, thrombosis occurred in the basin of:

A 48-year-old woman has been diagnosed with Raynaud syndrome (a spasm of peripheral blood vessels) and prescribed an adrenotropic agent. What group does this drug belong to?