An excess of concentrated ammonium hydroxide is a group reagent for the cations of the VI analytical group(acid-base classification), namely Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺. As a result of this reaction the following substances are formed:
Which of the listed reactions demonstrates the basic properties of pyridine?
A patient with stenocardia has been administered acetylsalicylic acid for:
On the 4th day of treatment with indomethacin a male 55-year-old patient developed gastric bleeding due to the ulceration of the gastric mucosa. Ulcerogenic effect of the drug is associated with a decrease in the activity of the following enzyme:
A patient with hypertensive crisis has been given an intravenous injection of clonidine. What mechanism underlies the antihypertensive effect of clonidine?
A patient with ischemic heart disease has been administered inosine which is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of:
A patient with hypertensive crisis should be administered a diuretic as a part of complex therapy. What drug should be given the patient?
Rates of chemical reactions of the same order are compared by:
Consult a patient on which antihistamine drug DOES NOT have sedative and hypnotic effect:
Solutions of some electrolytes are used as medications. What is the maximum value of the isotonic coefficient for MgSO4 solution?
A patient with hypertension has been prescribed a drug that blocks angiotensin receptors. Specify this drug:
A patient with gastric ulcer has been administered omeprazole. What is the mechanism of its action?
Which of these formulas corresponds with acetoacetic acid?
After taking phenacetin a patient developed acute sore throat, fever. Examination enabled doctors to make a diagnosis of necrotic angina and agranulocytosis. Agranulocytosis can be characterized by a decrease in the amount of the following WBCs:
Apatient with a heart rhythm disorder has been given lidocaine. Apart from the local anesthetic effect, this drug has the following pharmacological effect:
A patient with chronic constipation has been prescribed bisacodyl. After 3 weeks of treatment, the patient noticed a reduction of laxative effect. This is caused by the development of the following sideeffect:
It is not advisable to use antacids and iron supplements at the same time for the following reason:
A patient with acute heart failure and cardiac glycosides intolerance was given an injection of dobutamine. What is the mechanism of its action?
A female patient asked a pharmacist to recommend her a drug for headache with antiplatelet effect. Specify this drug:
A plant under examination has papilionaceous flowers. This plant belongs to the following family:
Microscopic analysis of a root revealed the following features: primary structure, endodermal cells with horseshoe-shaped areas, radial fascicle of the central cylinder, more than six xylem rays. Such root structure is typical for the following plants:
Chronic pancreatitis is accompanied by the decreased synthesis and secretion of trypsin. This impairs the hydrolysis and absorption of the following substances:
Analysis of a plant revealed essentialoil glands with several layers of cells arranged in pairs. This allows for the possibility that the plant relates to the family:
In an emergency situation a scuba diver has quickly risen from the depths to the surface, which is against the rule. He is unconscious, exhibits respiratory failure and cardiac activity disorder as a result of decompression sickness.What complication may develop in the scuba diver?
A patient has been hospitalized for chronic heart failure. Objectively: skin and mucous membranes are cyanotic, the patient has tachycardia, tachypnea. What type of hypoxia has developed in the patient?
What are the indications for the use of naloxone?
Amino group of p-aminobenzoic acid is involved into reaction with the following reagent:
A patient with renal colic has been administered a spasmolytic from the group of M-cholinergic antagonists as a part of the complex therapy. Specify this drug:
What drug is administered in case of uterine inertia?
A patient with myocardial infarction has been administered intravenously a direct anticoagulant, namely:
What drug should be administered for individual prevention of malaria?
A sample section of an axial body shows a complex consisting of phellogen and its derivatives - cork and phelloderm. This tissue is called:
A pharmacy dispenses glaucine hydrochloride to a patient with chronic bronchitis. The patient must be warned about the following typical side effect of the drug:
A solution contains cations of zinc and aluminium. Specify the reagent that makes it possible to detect cations of zinc in this solution:
A medicament comprises sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride. What method is used for quantitative determination of sodium bicarbonate?
Concentration of magnesium sulfate in a drug can be determined by complexometric titration. Select an indicator for fixing the end point of titration:
Select a pair of electrodes for potentiometric pH measurement of a solution:
The mass percentage of ascorbic acid can be determined by the cerimetric analysis in the presence of the following redox indicator:
An injured person exhibits the following signs at the site of trauma: skin redness, throbbing small arteries, elevated local temperature, increased tissue turgor. What local blood circulation disorder are these presentations typical for?
Microscopic examination of a perennial stem revealed the secondary integumentary tissue that was formed as a result of cell division of:
What synthetic drug of the hydrazide group is typically prescribed for pulmonary tuberculosis?
A female student with a cold has been prescribed an antipyretic medication. Specify this drug:
Specify the drug that constricts pupils and reduces intraocular pressure:
A plant under study has stipules fused together and thus forming a tight tube - ochrea, that is a diagnostic feature of the following family:
A 42-year-old female has foamypurulent vaginal discharges. The smear stained by Romanovsky-Giemsa's method has been found to include flagellated bacteria. What is the most likely microorganism that has been found by the doctor?
A patient has been taking diclofenac sodium for a long time. The family physician withdrew this drug and administered celecoxib. What disease was the reason for the drug substitution?
The rate of a chemical reaction DOES NOT DEPEND on the concentration of the reactants. Specify the order of such reaction:
A patient has been diagnosed with bronchial asthma. Specify a medicament that can be administered for asphyxiation:
Sulfanilamides inhibit the growth and development of bacteria. The mechanism of their action is based on the impairment of the following acid synthesis:
Sulfanilamides are widely used as bacteriostatic agents. The mechanism of antimicrobial action of sulfanilamides is based on their structural similarity to:
Specify the standard solution for the iodometric determination of reducing agents (direct titration):
The fourth group of cations includes the cations Al3+, Sn2+, Sn(IV ), As(V ), As(III), Zn2+, C3+. The group reagent for the fourth group of cations is the solution of:
In a qualitative analysis, when an excess of the group reagent (NH3 solution) reacts with the cations of the sixth analytical group (Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+), the following compounds are formed:
Sodium fluoride is one of the components of the drugs used in the treatment of dental caries. NaF reacts with the following compound:
The most common technology in pharmaceutical production is maintaining constant temperature and pressure. What is this process called?
Some medications are colloidal solutions. What size of the colloidal particles is typical for the colloidal dispersion?
To maintain a certain level of pHmedium, the buffer solutions are used. Specify a composition of substances that DOES NOT EXHIBIT buffer properties:
What non-narcotic centrally-acting antitussive drug can be used for dry cough?
What analytical effect is observed after fixing the endpoint during the titration by Mohr method?
What solution can be determined by photocolorimetric method by selfabsorbance?
What substance in a solution can be determined in two ways - by the polarimetric or refractometric method?
A patient with symptoms of chronic bronchitis has been administered acetylcysteine. What is the mechanism of its expectorant action?
During the gastric secretion, proteolytic enzymes are secreted in form of zymogens.What enzyme is activated by hydrochloric acid?
Specify the reaction product of purine reacting with sodium hydroxide:
What class of reactions does this reaction relate to?
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The combined use of furosemide with aminoglycoside antibiotics causes:
A child exhibits physical and mental retardation. Urine analysis revealed high concentration of orotic acid. This disease can be addressed by the constant use of:
To distinguish between phenol and salicylic acid, the following reagent is used:
Ethane is the product of the following reaction:
What titrants are used for the titration in the non-aqueous medium?
There are areas where humans or animals are exposed to the constant risk of contracting certain types of bacteria. What feature of these bacteria is responsible for their long viability in the soil?
What reagents are used to separate the cations of the IV analytical group from the cations of the V and VI analytical groups in the analysis of their composition?
Specify the standard substance for the standardization of 0,1 M of hydrochloric acid solution:
A patient with a diagnosis of drug poisoning has been admitted to the resuscitation department. The patient is in grave condition. Respiration is rapid, superficial, with periods of apnea (Biot's respiration). What was the main cause of the development of periodic breathing in the patient?
Specify the number of electrons involved into formation of the isolated conjugated system in the pyrimidine molecule:
In course of long-term treatment of an infectious patient with penicillin, the pathogen transformed into the L-form. What changes occur in the pathogen cell in case of L-transformation?
Dosage forms produced as coarse dispersion systems with the liquid dispersion medium and the solid phase are called:
Ethanol C₂H₅OH, can be distinguished from glycerol CH₂(OH)-CH₂(OH)-CH₂(OH) by the reaction with the following reagent:
A patient was found to have a tumor of the pancreatic head, which is accompanied by the impaired patency of the common bile duct. Blood test will reveal an increase in the following substance level:
On the 2nd day after developing acute inflammation of the knee joint, the patient exhibits the joint enlargement, swelling of the skin. At what stage of inflammation are these signs typically observed?
Quite often, the soil may contain a number of pathogenic microorganisms. The causative agents of the following disease may stay viable in the soil for a long time:
As a result of an accident (snakebite) a male patient has the following blood values: Hb- 80 g/l, RBC- 3, 0·1012/l; WBC- 5, 5·109/l.What type of anemia is observed in this case?
Emulsions of 0,1 - 74% dispersedphase volume relate to:
Bacteriological inspection of disinfection quality at a pharmacy revealed a microorganism in an utility room (in the sink). The microorganism has the following properties: mobile nonspore-forming gram-negative bacteria that form capsular substance, grow well on ordinary nutrient media, secrete the blue-green pigment. This microorganism is most likely to be of the following genus:
Microbiological analysis of medicinal raw materials revealed capsular bacteria. What stain method was used to detect the capsules?
At pH value 5,0 and isoelectric point 4,0, the protein will migrate toward the following electrode during electrophoresis:
The intracellular metabolism of glycerol starts with its activation. What compound is formed as a result of the first reaction of its conversion?
A 40-year-old patient has a history of bronchial asthma and bradyarrhythmia. In order to eliminate bronchospasm, the drugs of the following pharmacological group should be administered:
Which representative of the Rosaseae family has spring bloom in form of white, fragrant flowers gathered in pendulous racemes at the ends of short shoots?
A patient had been diagnosed with right lung cancer and administered surgical treatment. After right-sided pulmonectomy the patient developed evident dyspnea. What form of respiratory failure developed in this patient?
A 22-year-old male was stung by bees, the affected region became hyperemic and edematous. What is the leading mechanism of edema development in this patient?
A patient has obstruction of the common bile duct. Which of these substances is usually found in urine in such cases?
A ground for separating lead (II) chloride from the other chlorides of the II analytical group (acid-base classification) is its different solubility in:
A student analyzes an axial plant organ characterized by radial symmetry, unlimited growth, positive geotropism. It provides nutrition, vegetative propagation, anchorage of plant in the soil. This organ should be identified as:
Cross section of a root conducting zone shows pericycle that gives rise to:
Select a name that corresponds with the formula: CH₃-C≡N:
What data is required to measure the activation energy?
A patient with chronic renal failure exhibits azotemia, hypo- and isosthenuria. What is the main factor in the pathogenesis of these symptoms in the patient?
Which of the given compounds WILL NOT decolorize the bromine water?
Chemically, ethers are quite inert compounds. Ethers decompose even at a room temperature under the effect of the following haloid acid:
Specify the number of existing stereoisomeric aldopentoses:
This scheme of nitroalkane synthesis is called the reaction of:
CH₃-CH₃ + HNO₃ (diluted) =>[t,p]=> CH₃-CH₂-NO₂ + H₂O
A hospital admitted a patient with arterial hypertension induced by renal artery stenosis. The patient complains of persistent nausea and headache. The main element in the pathogenesis of hypertension is the activation of the following system:
The products of the toluene nitration are mainly:
Halogen atoms in an organic compound can be detected by means of:
Before a surgical operation, a surgeon treated his hands with an alcoholcontaining solution.Which group of drugs does this solution relate to?
Aniline can be converted into the water-soluble salt through the treatment with a solution of:
Select the correct product of the reaction:
Select the formula for pentene-2 from the list:
Specify a compound having the most pronounced basic properties in the gas phase:
Specify the correct name for the product of the acetaldehyde reacting with hydrazine:
Select a conjugated diene from the list of diene hydrocarbons:
Under the given conditions, the unsaturated organic compounds are reduced with the following reagent:
Which of the following compounds relates to the conjugated dienes?
Which of the following solutions with the same molar concentration has the maximum osmotic pressure?
What class of organic compounds is characterized by the presence of C ≡ N group?
If the amount of a high-molecular substance added to the sol is very small, it may not increase but decrease its stability. This phenomenon is called:
Which medicinal plant of the <i>Asteraceae</i> family has only disk flowers in the flowerhead?
Spore and pollen analysis revealed in the pollen some tetrahedral spores with a semi-circular base and a reticular surface, which may belong to:
Many species of wild rose are a source of vitamins, fatty oils and herbal material. Specify the juicy pseudocarps that are procured as herbal raw material:
Comparison of the underground organs of herbaceous plants revealed that in the bipartite annuals the following organ prevails:
Growth of some cancer cells is caused by a certain growth factor. Treatment of leukemia involves applying an enzyme that destroys this essential factor. Specify this enzyme:
The anti-tumor preparation Methotrexate is a structural analogue of folic acid. The mechanism of its action is based on the inhibition of the following enzyme:
A sample of a finished dosage form was found to be contaminated with some microorganisms exhibiting the following properties: greenish fluorescent colonies of gram-negative nonsporeforming bacilli that grew on the medium for the detection of pyocyanin. The bacilli release the bluegreen pigment into the medium.What microorganisms contaminated the finished dosage form?
Vaccines are the artificial or natural preparations produced from bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms, their chemical components and waste products. They are used for the active immunization of humans and animals for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The attenuated vaccines consist of:
What method of sterilization should be used during the manufacturing liquid dosage forms containing proteins?
Blood pressure is regulated by a number of biologically active compounds. What peptides that enter the bloodstream can affect the vascular tone?
Addison's (bronze) disease is treated with glucocorticoids. Their effect is provided by the potentiation of the following process:
Representatives of Asteraceae family have various types of flowers EXCEPT FOR:
<i>Datura stramonium</i> has dry manyseeded fruits formed by syncarpous gynoecium that dehisce when the valves are broken off. Specify the fruit type:
A sample of water used in drug production has been sent to a laboratory for sanitary and virological analysis. Presence of what virus group will be indicative of faecal contamination of water and thus the need for its additional purification?
Specify the order of the reaction, for which К=1/t (1/c - 1/c0):
After an insulin injection a 45-yearold female with a long history of diabetes mellitus has developed weakness, paleness, palpitation, anxiety, double vision, numbness of lips and the tip of tongue. Blood glucose is at the rate of 2,5 mmol/l. What complication has developed in the patient?
A 45-year-old male patient was diagnosed with stomach ulcer. After the conservative treatment the pain and heartburn disappeared, the function of the gastrointestinal tract was normalized. Endoscopic examination of stomach revealed cicatrization of the ulcer. Qualify this course of the disease:
An older patient exhibits low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin in blood, but the color index is 1,3. Blood smear analysis revealed megaloblasts. What type of anemia is observed in this case?
Morphological analysis of poplar inflorescence showed that it is a simple monopodial inflorescence: main axis is drooping, the flowers are sessile, unisexual. Specify the type of inflorescence:
During the morphologic analysis of various plant leaves the students found the leaves, whose length of the leaf blade is 5 times more than its width. Specify the shape of the leaf blade:
Food rich in carbohydrates at first increases the blood sugar and then decreases its rate due to the insulin action. What process is activated by this hormone?
After drinking milk a 1-year-old child developed diarrhea, flatulence. The baby is likely to have the deficiency of the following enzyme:
A patient has developedmegaloblastic anemia on a background of alcoholic cirrhosis. The main cause of anemia in this patient is the following vitamin deficiency:
The fruit of black locust is dry, formed of a single carpel, dehisces by the ventral and dorsal sutures on two sides, the seeds are attached along the ventral suture. Such fruit is called:
At a chemical analytical laboratory, a technician examines a solution of the VI analytical group cations. After the addition of ammonium thiocyanate and amyl alcohol, the organic layer turned blue. What cation is present in the solution?
Microscopic study of soybean seeds stained with Sudan III revealed some droplets of various sizes. They are:
An analytical chemist determines sodium cations by ion-exchange chromatography. In order to prepare the cation-exchange resin in the H+ form, the analyst uses:
When studying the diagnostic features of Origanum vulgare, the students noticed that the plant had a compound monopodial inflorescence. It is called:
While preparing a solution, a pharmaceutical analyst converted a freshly formed precipitate into a sol by treating it with an electrolyte solution. What method of obtaining disperse systems was used by the analyst?
Sol of iron (III) hydroxide is positively charged. Specify the ion which has the lowest coagulation threshold:
The method of treating people with serious diseases and intoxications is based on the absorption of toxic substances from the blood. What is this method called?
It is known that malonyl CoA is formed from acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide under the influence of acetyl CoA carboxylase. What vitamin is a coenzyme of this enzyme?
Specify the standard solutions that are used in permanganatometry to quantify the oxidants by the residual titration method:
What indicator is used for fixing the endpoint of mercurimetric titration?
Vitamin B₁ deficiency has a negative effect on a number of processes. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following enzyme:
A patient with tuberculosis has been prescribed some anti-TB preparations. Which of the following chemotherapeutic drugs has an effect on the tuberculosis pathogen?
Many diseases of medicinal plants are caused by bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus. Select the bacteria relating to this genus:
Microbiological studies of air in the pharmacy room revealed the presence of pathogenic staphylococci. Select the medium in which you can detect the lecithinase activity of the isolated microorganism:
Colloid silver preparations Protargolum and Collargolum are widely used in medical practice as bactericidal drugs. In addition to the active ingredients, these drugs contain protein compounds. What is the function of proteins in these preparations?
Therapeutic preparations for topical use (transdermal, vaginal, etc.) do not require sterility. However, the total permissible number of microbial cells and fungi in 1 g (ml) of a drug should not exceed:
P.Ehrlich is considered to be the founder of modern chemotherapy. What chemotherapy drug was developed by this scientist?
A patient was admitted to a hospital in a state of hypoglycemic coma. It occurs at the following level of blood glucose:
A patient who had been continuously treated with glucocorticoids was found to have a duodenal ulcer. What mechanism plays a major part in its development?
To isolate the lead (II) chloride from the other cations of the II analytical group in the systematic analysis, the chloride precipitate should be processed with:
What reagent is used to separate the cations of copper (II) and mercury from the other cations of the VI analytical group?
For cultivation of Brucella, pure cultures should be incubated in CO2 enriched atmosphere. What type of breathing is typical for Brucella?
Some success in reducing malaria transmission was achieved through the mass destruction of transmitting mosquitoes and their larvae. The measures aimed at the destruction of insects are called:
On the photomicrograph of a herbaceous plant stem the bicollateral vascular bundles are clearly visible. The microspecimen represents the stem of the following plant:
What type of conducting bundles is typical for all root zones of one-seeded plants?
Antidepressants can increase the concentartion of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?
The figwort family Scrophulariaceae includes a biennial plant up to 1,5 m high, with golden-yellow flowers gathered in spiked inflorescences. The flowers have five stamens. Specify this plant:
Permanganometric titration of hydrogen peroxide is carried out in the following medium:
Quantitative analysis of zinc salts is performed by method of trilonometry. What indicator is used for this purpose?
In response to the administration of protein drugs, a patient developed an allergic reaction. The development of the allergic reaction is caused by the increased synthesis of the following compound:
Astragalus dasyanthus has sessile flowers gathered into inflorescences with a short thick axis. This kind of inflorescence is called:
The technology of drug production widely uses the phenomena of absorption and ion exchange. Which of the ions will be selectively adsorbed on the surface of a silver chloride crystal from an aqueous solution?
A patient with acute myocarditis exhibits rapid fatigability, shortness of breath, edemata of legs, hepatomegaly. Classify the type of heart failure by the mechanism of its development:
A child with PKU has an unpleasant mouse-like odor, growth retardation, mental retardation.These symptoms are associated with the high concentration of the following substance in blood:
After a contact with a person having an infectious diseases, the disease pathogens entered the patient's body and started to multiply, but the symptoms of the disease were not yet observable. What period of the disease is this typical for?
Extraction is commonly used in pharmacy for separating mixtures, increasing the concentration of any solute and extracting lipophilic compounds from the herbal material. This process is based on:
The rate of extraction of a drug substance depends on the value of its distribution coefficient. If the distributed substance is characterized by different rates of dissociation or association in different phases, the distribution coefficient is calculated by:
A male patient developed fever up to 40oC, there are vomiting, diarrhea, the patient is in grave condition. Blood osmolality is 270 mOsm/l. What disorder of water-salt metabolism is observed in the patient?
A 40-year-old male presented to the endocrinology department with disproprortionate enlargement of limbs, mandible and nose. These manifestations are caused by the overproduction of the following hormone:
Surfactants are commonly used in pharmaceutical production. What kind of surfactant is potassium oleate?
Diabetes and starvation cause the excess production of ketone bodies that are used as an energy source. They are produced from the following compound:
Allantoic fluid of a chicken embryo contaminated with nasopharyngeal flush of a patient was found to contain a virus. What diagnostic agents should be used to identify it?
A patient complains of severe abdominal pain, cramps, blurred vision. His relatives exhibit the same symptoms. The urine is of red colour. The patient has been hospitalized for acute intermittent porphyria. This disease might have been caused by the impaired synthesis of the following compound:
Common nettle, hop, black elderberry relate to the plants that require soils rich in nitrogen compounds, that is, such plants are called:
A 40-year-old female farmworker has been diagnosed with brucellosis and administered causal chemotherapy. What group of drugs will be used for this purpose?
A male received a radiation dose of 30 Gy. He presents with necrotic angina, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood tests revealed anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. What phase of acute radiation syndrome is observed in the patient?
As a result of hypothermia a male patient developed acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. What type of allergic reaction caused damage to the glomerular capillaries in the patient?
A patient with hyperproduction of thyroid hormones has been prescribed Merkazolilum. This drug inhibits the following enzyme of iodothyronine synthesis:
A patient with Parkinson's disease exhibits low level of dopamine which is produced from dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). What enzyme catalyzes this conversion?
As a result of an emergency situation (shipwreck) a man had to drink sea (salty) water. What form of water-salt imbalance may occur in this case?
Hemoglobin catabolism results in release of iron which is transported to the bone marrow by a certain transfer protein and used again for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Specify this transfer protein:
A laboratory received a food product that had been taken from the focus of food poisoning and presumably contained botulinum toxin. To identify the type of toxin, the neutralization reaction must be performed on white mice.What biological product is used in this reaction?
For the specific prevention of influenza, the employees of an enterprise were vaccinated with "Influvac". What type of immunity will develop in the body of the vaccinated?
Suspension is a form of pharmaceuticals used in medical practice. Which pair of substances is able to forma suspension?
In a sample studied under a microscope the multilayer palisade (columnar) parenchyma can be clearly seen. Such structure is typical for:
A patient exhibits small (petechial) hemorrhages under the skin and mucous membranes, bleeding gums, tooth decay, general weakness, edemata of the lower extremities. What vitamin deficiency can be suspected?
A parturient woman diagnosed with uterine inertia has been delivered to the maternity ward. The doctor gave her an injection of the drug that activates the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus. What hormone is a component of this drug?
Soil microflora often includes the representatives of pathogenic microorganisms. Specify the diseases, whose causative agents may say viable in the soil for a long time:
The one-way penetration of solvent molecules into the polymer phase resulting in complete dissolution of the polymer is called: