Крок 1 · Стоматологія 2009 · Англійська

Examination of a man revealed a protozoan disease that affected brain and caused vision loss. Blood analysis revealed unicellular half-moon-shaped organisms with pointed end. The causative agent of this disease is:

A married couple applied to the genetic consultation in order to consult about their child with multiple abnormalities (microcephaly, idiocy etc). The woman has had an illnesses during her pregnancy but she didn’t take any teratogens or mutagens. The parents’ and the child’s karyotype is normal. Anamnesis study revealed that the family kept a cat. What gravidic disease caused the child’s abnormalities?

A patient has mental retardation, small height, brachydactyly, mongoloid slant. Analysys of his karyotype revealed trisomy 21. What chromosomal anomaly is it?

A female patient has symptoms of inflammation of urogenital tracts. A smear from the vaginal mucous membrane contained big unicellular pyriform organisms with a sharp spike on the back end of their bodies; big nucleus and undulating membrane. What protozoa were revealed in the smear?

Analysis of an electron diffraction pattern of a cell revealed mitochondrion destruction. This might result in abnormal course of the following cell process:

Formation of ribosome subunits in a cell was disturbed in course of an experiment (by means of activated mutagenic factors). This will have an effect on the following metabolic process:

Among public catering workers examined by doctors of sanitary-and-epidemiologic station often occur asymptomatic parasite carriers. This means that a healthy person carries cysts that infect other people. Such parasitizing is impossible for the following causative agent:

It is known that information about sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule is encoded as a sequence of four types of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, and different amino acids are encoded by different number of triplets - from one to six. Such peculiarity of the genetic code is called:

A patient suffering from caries of the left inferior premolar has got a swelling on his neck above the hyoid bone. There appeared fever, salivary discharge, contraction of masticatory muscles, difficult mouth opening. The patient was diagnosed with phlegmon of mouth floor. What muscles will be involved in the process?

Vagosympathetic Vishnevsky’s block involves introduction of novocaine along the posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle above its intersection with exterior jugular vein. The block is performed within the following triangle of neck:

During approach to the thyroid gland by means of transverse section suprasternal cellular tissue space should be opened. It will be dangerous to damage the following anatomic formation located within this space:

A female patient with pyelonephritis was admitted to the urological department. Examination revealed an associated infection accompanied by pyelovenous reflux. This complication was induced by affection of the following structure:

A 27 year old patient consulted a doctor about a solid tumour in front of the antilobium. During removal of this tumour a dental surgeon revealed a vein. What vein is localized in this area?

A 24 year old patient consulted a doctor about pain below his lower jaw on the right. Dental surgeon revealed a concrement in the submandibular gland. During its removal he had to prevent bleeding out of the following artery:

Study of a patient’s facial gesture revealed that he couldn’t whistle, round his lips; mouth corners didn’t rise during laughing, oral fissure stretched sidewards (transversal smile). These symptoms indicate the atrophy of the following muscle:

A doctor examined a victim of a road accident and revealed damage of the exterior wall of eye socket. The patient has lost ability to abduct the eyeball on the affected side. What nerve might be damaged in this case?

After extraction of the II maxillary molar tooth the patient has got haemorrhage from the alveolar socket. The observed haemorrhage is from the system of the following artery:

A basketball player complains of pain over his heel that is getting stronger during walking. It might be caused by damage of tendon of the following muscle:

A student has accidentally hit his elbow against the edge of the table and sensed burning and tingling on the interior surface of his forearm. What nerve was damaged in this case?

In process of the secretory cycle secretion granules come and go in the apical part of cytoplasm of pancreas cells. These granules relate to the following structure elements:

A 35 year old female patient diagnosed with infertility underwent diagnostic biopsy of endometrium. Microscopical examination revealed that its mucous membrane was edematic, uterine glands were convoluted and filled with thick secretion. Such changes of endometrium are caused by excess of the following hormone:

Influence of unfavourable factors upon the organism causes change of thymus accompanied by mass loss of thymocytes, their displacement to the peripheral organs, proliferation of epithelioreticulocytes. What phenomenon is it?

Examination of a patient revealed abnormal development of enamel. This is caused by damage of the following structural elements of dental germ:

A histological specimen of an oral cavity organ demonstrates that the organ’s anterior surface is lined with multilayer squamous nonkeratinous epithelium, and its posterior surface - with multiserial ciliated epithelium. What organ is it?

Examination of uterine cavity revealed an embryonated ovum that wasn’t attached to the endometrium. The embryo is at the following stage of development:

A mountain climber spent a long time in the mountains. Erythrocyte number has risen from 5,0 • 1012/l up to 6,0 • 1012/l. What factor stimulated erythropoiesis?

What factor may cause increase of power inputs of human organism by 100%?

A 40 year old European works in a Southeast Asian country. He complains that it is hard to bear high temperature under conditions of high relative humidity. The reason for it is difficult heat emission by way of:

Examination of a patient who has recently had a hepatic disease revealed low concentration of prothrombin in blood. First of all this will cause disturbance of:

Researchers studied speed of excitement conduction in different areas of an isolated heart. Which area demonstrated the lowest speed?

A patient who takes blocker of membrane cytoreceptors of efferent conductor synapses of autonomic nervous system complains about dry mouth. What receptors are blocked?

A student has dry mouth during an exam. This is caused by realization of the following reflexes:

A child has abnormal formation of tooth enamel and dentin as a result of low concentration of calcium ions in blood. Such abnormalities might be caused by deficiency of the following hormone:

ECG of a patient showed that RR interval equaled 1,5 s, heart rate equaled 40 bpm. What is cardiac pacemaker?

A patient has hyperkaliemia and hyponatremia. Such changes might be caused by hyposecretion of the following hormone:

Tissue is being stimulated by electric cathodic impulse with amplitude of 70% of threshold. What changes of membrane potential will be observed?

Analysis of a patient’s saliva revealed high concentration of lactate. This is most probably caused by activation of the following process:

A patient diagnosed with malignant carcinoid has extremely high concentration of serotonin in blood. This biogenic amine can be formed from the following amino acid:

As a result of improper feeding an infant got full-blown diarrhea. One of its main consequences is excretion of large amount of sodium bicarbonate. What form of acid-base balance disturbance is it?

A patient suffering from chronic renal insufficiency has got osteoporosis. Osteoporosis was caused by abnormal synthesis of the following regulator of mineral metabolism in kidneys:

Parodontosis is treated by means of antioxidants. Which of the following natural compounds is used as an antioxidant:

A patient has high sunlight sensitivity of skin. During standing his urine turns dark-brown. What is the most probable cause of this condition?

Periodontitis is accompanied by activation of proteolysis in the periodontium tissues. The evidence of proteolysis activation is increase of the following component of oral liquid:

A patient has been diagnosed with alkaptonuria. This pathology is caused by deficiency of the following enzyme:

An experimental rat got intraabdominal injection of 10 ml of 40% glucose solution. 60 minutes later the rat passed into a comatose state as a result of dehydratation. What is the mechanism of development of this state?

A 62 year old patient with cerebral haemorrhage was admitted to the neurological department in grave condition. Objectively: increase of respiration depth and rate with its following reduction to apnoea, thereafter respiration cycle restores. What respiration type is it?

Patients suffering from relapsing typhus have fever that can be characterized by several days of high temperature alternating with periods of normal temperature. Such temperature curve is called:

Poisoning with corrosive sublimate caused acute renal insufficiency. Its progress included four stages: 1) initial, 2) oligoanuria, 4) recovery. Name the third stage of acute renal insufficiency:

A 48 year old male patient was admitted to the hospital with acute attack of chronic glomerulonephritis. Examination revealed chronic renal failure. What is the cause of hyperazotemia by chronic renal failure?

Examination of experimental rats that have been getting only carbohydrate feed for a long time revealed accumulation of water in tissues. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism of edema development?

Examination of a patient 24 hours after appendectomy revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis with regenerative shift. What is the most probable mechanism of development of absolute leukocytosis in peripheral blood?

A patient suffering from chronic myeloleukemia has got the following symptoms of anemia: decreased number of erythrocytes and low haemoglobin concentration, oxyphilic and polychromatophilic normocytes, microcytes. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism of anemia development?

Autopsy of a dead patient revealed that pia mater was dull, there were greenish-yellow overlays covering almost all convexital surface of cerebral hemispheres. Histological examination revealed extreme hyperemia of maters along with diffuse leukocytic infiltration. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Examination of puncture biopsy material of liver revealed dystrophy of hepatocytes, their necrosis and sclerosis along with disturbance of beam and lobulous structure and formation of pseudolobules of regeneration nodes. What is the most probable diagnosis?

A 6 year old child was delivered to the hospital because of measles pneumonia. On the mucous membrane of a cheek a dentist revealed an ill-defined greish area 2x2,5 cm large. Soft tissues are edematic and foul-smelling. The most probable diagnosis of the dentist should be:

A patient has deformation of jaw bones. Histological examination revealed there growth of fibrocellular tumourlike ill-defined tissue with primitive osteogenesis. What disease are these presentations typical for?

A 55 year old man had been suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis. He died from chronic renal failure. Macroscopi-cal examination revealed on the surface of epicardium and pericardium some greyish-white villous depositions. After their removal dilated and plethoric vessels were uncovered. What process took place in the pericardium?

Autopsy of a 68 year old man who died from chronic cardiac insufficiency revealed deformed, thickened, conjoined cusps of mitral valve. Along the edge of joining there were small (1-2 mm) thrombs. What form of endocarditis caused development of chronic cardiac insufficiency?

A 42 year old patient who had been suffering from chronic granulomatous periodontitis and chronic purulent osteomyelitis of his lower jaw for 8 years died from chronic renal insufficiency. What complication of purulent osteomyelitis has developed in kidneys?

A 5 year old child has the following symptoms: body temperature up to 40oC, acute headache, vomiting, anxiety, shiver. 4 days later there appeared hemorrhagic skin rash, oliguria and adrenal insufficiency that caused death. Bacteriological examination of pharyngeal smears revealed meningococcus. What form of meningococcal infection was it?

A 75 year old male patient consulted a surgeon about a brown nonhealing ulcer of shin. Examination of biopsy material revealed diffuse growth of polymorphic atypic cells with brown pigment in their cytoplasm. Pearls reaction was negative. There were also a lot of pathological mitoses and foci of tissue necrosis. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Autopsy of a man who had been suffering from hypertension revealed in his brain a cavity with rubiginous walls. What event preceded development of these changes?

Medical examination of the first-year pupils included Mantoux test. 15 pupils out of 35 had negative reaction. What actions should be taken against children with negative reaction?

On a certain territory mass death of rodents was registered. It was suspected that their death might have been caused by plague. What serological reaction should be applied for quick identification of antigen of the causative agent of this epizooty?

A 10 year old child underwent Mantoux test (with tuberculin). 48 hours later there apperaed a papule up to 8 mm in diameter on the site of tuberculin injection. Tuberculin injection caused the following hypersensitivity reaction:

A 58 year old female patient had to be prepared to cholecystectomy. Complex of premedication drugs included benzohexonium. What is the function of this drug in anaesthesia?

A patient had an attack of bronchial asthma in the dentist’s office. The attack was arrested by salbutamol. This drug relates to the following group of therapeutic agents:

A patient with acute duodenal ulcer was admitted to the hospital. Analysis of gastric juice revealed hyperfunction of secretion and acid-forming in stomach. Choose a drug that can reduce secretory function of stomach due to inhibition of H2-receptors:

A patient was administered clonidi-ne to be taken parenterally in case of abrupt rise of arterial pressure. What is its mechanism of action?

A patient was prescribed a drug with apparent lipophilic properties. What is the main mechanism of its absorption?

A patient noticed symptoms of approaching attack of bronchial asthma and took several tablets one by one at short intervals out of the doctor’s control. Short-term improvement of his condition came only after taking the first two tablets. Next intakes of a drug didn’t improve his condition. Reduction of the drug effectiveness was caused by:

A patient with streptococcal infection of gums was prescribed a drug that contained betalactam ring in its structure. Whi- ch drug relates to this group?

It was necessary to determine absolute gustation thresholds of a healthy man for different substances. The lowest threshold will be observed for the following substance:

A patient with neck injury was admitted to the hospital. Examination revealed a damaged nerve located anteriad to the frontal scalene. What nerve is damaged?

A 38 year old patient takes aspirin and sulfanilamides. After their intake intensified erythrocyte haemolysis is observed which is caused by deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This pathology is caused by failure of the following coenzyme:

After a road accident a driver has got deformity in the midle third of his left shin and intense pain, especially when he tries to move his left shin. The ends of a trihedral bone stick out of a wound, there is great blood loss. What bone might be damaged?

A histological specimen presents the tissue that contains cells having no processes and a few tens of nuclei each. One of cell surfaces has a corrugated zone that provides secretion of hydrolytic elements. What tissue is it?

Potassium cyanide that is a poison came into a patient’s organism and caused death a few minutes after it. The most probable cause of its toxic effect was abnormal activity of:

Abnormal chromosome disjunction during meiosis resulted in formation of: an ovum with 22 autosomes and polar body with 24 chromosomes. If such an ovum would be fertilized with a normal spermatozoon (22 + X) the child might have the following syndrome:

A patient underwent Caesarean section. During the operation a long incision was made in the uterus wall and the fetus was extracted from uterus. Healing of the sutured myometrium will proceed in the following way:

Rheography of an 18 year old student during exercise showed redistribution of blood flow between organs. The peak blood flow will be observed in the following vessels:

Microscopical examination of exudate obtained from a rat with aseptic peritoni- tis and mixed with bird’s erythrocytes revealed macrophages surrounded by foreign erythrocytes. What stage of phagocytosis is it?

On the 2nd day after myocardium infarction the patient’s systolic arterial pressure abruptly dropped down to 60 mm Hg. This was accompanied by tachycardia up to 140 bpm, dyspnea, loss of consciousness. What is the leading mechanism in the pathogenesis of this shock?

A 35 year old patient complains about permanent thirst, poor appetite. He drinks 9 l water per day. Daily diuresis is increased, urine is colourless, its relative density is 1,005. The most probable cause of this pathology development is damege of:

A patient with disfunction of external respiration has to undergo tracheotomy. The isthmus of thyroid gland is commonly situated on a level with the following tracheal rings:

Active physical work induces rise of concentration of carbonic acid in blood. This causes deepening and acceleration of respiration thus reducing concentration of carbonic acid and hydrogen ions in blood. This maintains the following process:

Pathological process of purulent barotitis involves an artery on the anterior wall of tympanic cavity. What artery is it? A.

A 34 year old male patient cosulted a doctor about face carbuncle. Objectively: a loose, painless edema of hypodermic tissue; black crust in the centre of carbuncle, vesicular rash around it. Microbiological examination revealed static streptobacilli capable of capsule building. What microorganisms are the causative agents of this disease?

A 38 year old patient complained that after acute respiratory viral disease she had lost sensation of food contact with the front 2/3 of her tongue as well as pain and temperature sensation (burned her tongue with hot tea). Which nerve and which branch of it was damaged?

Microscopical examination of coronary artery of a 53 year old dead man revealed luminal narrowing of the vessel because of fibrous plaque mixed with lipides. The most probable form of atherosclerosis is:

A blood sample of a pregnant woman was typed. Erythrocyte-agglutination reaction was present with standard sera 0a, P(I), Ba(III), reaction was absent with the serum Ap(II). The blood under examination relates to the following group:

A female patient suffering from acute bronchitis complains about respiratory obstruction and cough with thick viscous sputum. She was prescribed a mucolytic agent that stimulates surfactant synthesis. What mucolytic agent was prescribed?

Coprological examination of a patient’s feces revealed small operculate eggs. It is known from the anamnesis that the patient often consumes fish. What fluke parasitizes in the patient’s organism?

Clinical examination of a female patient revealed reduction of basal metabolism by 40%, gain in body mass, drop of body temperature, face puffiness, sexual disfunctions, inertness and apathy, lowered intelligence. These symptoms are caused by disfunction of the following endocrine gland:

During a neuro-surgical operation the occipital areas of cerebral cortex are stimulated. What sensations will the patient have?

Microscopic study of an endocrine gland revealed that its parenchyma consisted of follicular structures. Their wall was formed by monolayer cubic epithelium, and their cavity was filled up with oxyphilic substance. What hormon is secreted by this gland?

During starvation normal rate of glucose is maintained by means of activation of gluconeogenesis. What substance can be used as a substrate for this process?

What chnges will be observed in an isolated heart after introduction of adrenaline into the perfusion solution?

A sportsman needs to improve his sporting results. He was recommended a drug containing carnitine. What process is activated by this compound in the first place?

A patient consulted a doctor about acute pain in the right subcostal area. During examination the doctor noticed yellowed sclera of the patient. Laboratory analyses revealed high activity of alanine-aminotransferase and negative reaction to stercobilin in feces. What disease are these symptoms typical for?

A patient was admitted to a hospital with poisoning with unsound food. His stomach was lavaged with solution of potassium permanganate. What is its mechanism of action?

A patient complained about ear noise and pain sensations. Objectively: the patient has acute respiratory disease, rhinitis. The infection penetrated into the tympanic cavity through the following opening of the pharynx:

A 3 month old infant has got a white deposition on the mucous membrane of his mouth, tongue and lips. The doctor suspected candidosis. What nutrient medium should be used for inoculation of the material under examination in order to confirm this diagnosis?

Specific prophylaxis involved application of a vaccine containing microorganisms and exotoxin detoxicated by formalin. It relates to the following type of vaccine:

A 70 year old patient suffering from cardiac insufficiency has been uncontrolledly taking digoxin that resulted in extrasystole, vomiting, vision impairment, anxiety, sleep disturbance, reduction of diuresis. Application of drugs relating to the following group will be pathogenetically reasonable in this case:

A patient suffering from hepatocerebral degeneration has low cncentration of ceruloplasmin in blood serum. What element accumulation will be observed in liver, cerebrum and kidneys of the patient?

Electron-microscope investigation of cortical substance of a kidney reveals some structures lined with prismatic epithelium that normally has brush border and deep plicae of plasmolemma in its basal part. There is a big number of mi-tochondrions between these plicae. These structures belong to the following part of a nephron:

Intralobular capillaries of a liver specimen have wide irregular lumen. Basal membrane is absent in the major part of the capillary. What type of capillaries is it?

In order to speed up healing of the thermal injury it is required to prescribe a drug that facilitates epithelization of skin and mucous membranes. What drug is it?

A patient with ventricular arrhythmia was admitted to the cardiological department. What drug should be administered?

After restoration of blood circulation in damaged tissue accumulation of lactate comes to a stop and speed of glucose consumption slows down. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process:

Researches of the latest decades established that immediate 'executors' of cell apoptosis are special enzymes called caspases. Generation of one of them proceeds with participation of cytochrome What is its function in a normal cell?

A patient with essential hypertension was admitted to the cardiological department. In order to lower arterial pressure a doctor prescribed a drug that blocks pi and ^-adrenoreceptors. What drug is it?

A patient with myocardium infarction was delivered to the resuscitation department. What drug should be injected to the patient for prophylaxis of pain shock?

A patient with myocardium infarction was admitted to the resuscitation department. What drug should be injected to the patient in order to prevent thrombosis?

A 28 year old woman consulted a doctor about sterility. Examination revealed underdeveloped ovaries and uterus, irregular menstrual cycle. Study of sex chromatin revealed 2 Barr’s bodies in most somatic cells. What chromosome disease is the most probable in this case?

Treatment of many diseases involves use of cocarboxylase (thiamine pyrophosphate) for supplying cells with energy. What metabolic process is activated in this case?

A patient with apparent icteri-tiousness of skin, sclera and mucous membranes was admitted to the hospital. The patient’s urine was of brown ale colour, analysis revealed presence of direct bilirubin. Feces had low concentration of bile pigments. What type of jaundice is it?

A patient suffers from chronic left-ventricular insufficiency. What drug should be prescribed?

Medical ambulance delivered a 2 year old girl to the children’s department. Objectively: the child is inert, apathetic. Liver is enlarged, study of biopsy material revealed glycogen excess. Blood glucose rate is below normal. The most probable cause of hypoglycemia is:

A 22 year old woman has been taking sulfanilamides for a long time that led to symptoms of hemolytic anaemia caused by hereditary disturbance of synthesis of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme of pentose-phosphate cycle is responsible for generation of:

A patient suffering from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was prescribed glibenclamid internally. What is the mechanism of its hypoglycemic action?

During the preventive examination of a miner a doctor revealed changes in cardiovascular fitness being evidence of cardiac insuffisiency at a stage of compensation. What is the main evidence of compensation of cardiac activity?

A typical symptom of cholera is great loss of water and sodium ions. What mechanism underlies development of diarrhea in this case?

A newborn has signs of dyspepsia after milk feeding. Symptoms of dyspepsia disappear when milk is substituted for glucose solution. The newborn has low activity of the following enzyme:

A 35 year old man got a trauma that resulted in complete rupture of spinal cord at a level of the first cervical segment. What changes of respiration will be observed?

During an experiment the median part of an animal’s cochlea was damaged. This resulted in impaired perception of acoustic vibrations of the following frequency:

A man got poisoned with mushrooms. They contain muscarine that stimulates muscarinic cholinoreceptors. What symptom is typical for poisoning with inedible mushrooms?

A patient suffering from syphilis was prescribed a drug the action of which based upon disturbed generation of murein leading to death of the causati- ve agent. What drug is it?

A patient suffering from chronic bronchitis takes a synthetic mucolytic drug that stimulates sputum liquefaction. What drug is it?

A microspecimen of parotid gland presents secretory acines with serous cells that synthesize mostly enzymes. According to the chemical composition classification, the parotid gland relates to the following glands:

After mouth opening the mouth closed reflectory. What receptors initiate this reflex?

After continuous treatment with antibiotics a patient got symptoms of stomatitis. Examination of specimens of oral mucous membrane revealed some oval polymorphous Gram-positive microorganisms arranged in clusters. What microorganism may be the cause of such manifestations?

After mouth closing and teeth clenching the mouth opens reflectory. What receptots initiate this reflex?

Examination of a female patient revealed low activity of lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyzes chylomicron triglycerides on the surface of endothelium of adipose tissue capillaries. What biochemical disorders should be expected?

A child has physical and mental retardation, serious abnormalities in connective tissue of internal organs; urine contains keratan sulfates. This is caused by metabolic disorder of the following substance:

A 40 year old female patient has enlarged thyroid gland. On palpation the gland is dense, its surface is slightly tuberous. Histological examination of gland sample revealed diffuse infiltration of tissue by the cells, formation of lymphoid follicles. What disease is it?

A 30 year old woman has been continuously using lipstick with a fluorescent substance that led to development of a limited erythema on the prolabium, slight peeling, and later small transversal sulci and fissures. Microscopical examination of the affected zone revealed in the connective tissue sensibilized lymphocytes and macrophages, effects of cytolysis. What type of immunological hypersensitivity has developed on the lip?

A patient suffering from essential arterial hypertension got hypertensic crisis that caused an attack of cardiac asthma. What is the leading mechanism of cardiac insufficiency in this case?

A patient who has been taking a certain drug for a long time cannot discontinue the use of it because this causes psychic and somatic disfunctions. The syndrome occuring at refraining from the use of a drug is called:

A 43 year old female patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of pain in the right subcostal area, skin itch. Examination revealed hypalgesia and hematolysis, skin icteritiousness, bradycardia, hypotonia. What is the most probable cause of these symptoms?

A patient underwent partial removal of a structure of central nervous system by medical indications. This resulted in development of atony, astasia, intention tremor, ataxia, adiadochokinesis. What structure of CNS was partially removed?

Blood analysis of a patient suffering from jaundice revealed increase of total bilirubin by its indirect fraction. Urine and feces have intense colouring. What is the most probable mechanism of these abnormalities?

What contraction of upper extremity muscles will be observed during holding (but not moving) a load in a certain position?

A patient has roundish ulcers on his face, inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes. These symptoms turned up as a result of mosquito bites. Laboratory examination of discharge from the ulcers revealed unicellular aflagellar organisms. What is the most probable diagnosis?

A patient has been suffering from diabetes mellitus for 5 years. As a result of not keeping to a diet the patient passed into a comatose state. Emergency doctor injected him glucose. The patient’s state got better. What is the most probable type of coma in this case?

A patient was admitted to the infectious diseases department. His skin was dry, with low turgor; he had rice-water stool. The patient was diagnosed with cholera. This disease is ordinarily accompanied by the folowing disorder of water-electrolytic balance:

A specimen of connective tissue of derma was stained with Sudan III and hematoxylin. There are clusters of big polygonal cells that turned orange. Their nuclei are flattened and located on periphery. What tissue is it?

For the purpose of anaesthetization a patient got injection of local anesthetic. A few minutes later the patient got dyspnea and tachycardia; he lost consciousness. What type of shock is it?

A new-born child has hyperemia, edema of the oral mucous membrane, small erosions with viscous mucopus. Smears from the mucopus contain a lot of leukocytes with Gram-negative diplococci. The same microorganisms can be found also beyond the leukocytes. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Examination of a tissue sample of enlarged cervical lymph nodes taken from a young woman revealed proliferation of lymphocytes, reticular cells, macrophages, big and small Hodgkin’s cells, multinuclear Sternberg-Reed cells. There were also multiple eosinophils, single foci of caseous necrosis of the node tissue. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Microscopical study of discharges from urethra of a patient suffering from acute urethritis revealed bean-shaped microorganisms up to 1 micrometer in diameter arranged in pairs and placed inside the leukocytes. What microorganisms are these?

A patient with fracture of femoral bone in the area of surgical neck got symptoms of acute dextroventricular insufficiency as a result of pulmonary embolism. What type of embolism is it?

A patient has dislocation of his mandible that caused impairment of salivation and gustatory sensitivity of anterior 2/3 of his tongue. What nerve was damaged?

A 40 year old male patient died from cerebral edema. In anamnesis the face carbuncle was registered. Autopsy revealed hyperemia and edema of cerebral tissue. White matter of the left hemisphere had two cavities 6x5,5 and 5x4,5 cm large filled with yellowish-green cream-like fluid. Walls of the cavities were built up by nerve tissue with irregular rands. What complication of carbuncle was it?

A dentist was examining oral cavity of a 9 year old child in the buccal surface of gingiva in the area of the lower canine he revealed a red, soft, node-like formation 1 cm in diameter that started immediately bleeding when touched. Microscopical examination revealed that this formation consisted of many small vessels like venules and capillaries separated by thin layers of connective tissue, with focal infiltration by lymphoid and plasmatic cells. Such changes are typical for:

In the surgical department of a dental clinic cases of hospital-acquired staphylococcal infection were registered which was caused by strains with multiple drug resistance. Such feature can be identified by presence of:

Roentgenological examination of a patient revealed a deformity of the inferior wall of the right eye socket. What paranasal sinus was most probably damaged?

During examination a dentist revealed cervical caries of right inferior incisors as well as enlargement of a certain group of lymph nodes. What lymph nodes are enlarged?