In the framework of complex treatment of gingivitis a patient has been administered a drug that stimulates leucopoiesis, accelerates wound healing, enhances the growth and proliferation of cells, has the anti-inflammatory effect. It is applied for treatment of leukopenias of different genesis, in the dental practice it is used for treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa. Identify the drug:
A 69-year-old patient got a small plaque with subsequent ulceration on the skin of the lower eyelid. The formation was removed. Microscopic examination of dermis revealed complexes of atypical epitelial cells arranged perpendicularly to the basal membrane on the periphery. The cells were dark, of polygonal prismatic shape with hyperchromic nuclei with frequent mitoses. What is the histological form of carcinoma in this patient?
After a severe stress a patient was found to have eosinopenia. A decrease in the eosinophil number can be explained by the changed concentration of the following hormones:
A patient has wound abscess. Bacteriological examination of the wound content revealed a gram-negative bacillus which forms semi-transparent mucous colonies of blue-green colour with a pearlescent appearance on the beef-extract agar. Culture has a specific odour of violets or jasmine. What type of pathogen was isolated from the patients wound?
A patient has been prescribed the salt-free diet. What changes to the salt taste sensitivity threshold should be expected?
A patient has enamel erosion. What vitamin should be administered for its treatment?
Nucleolus organizers of human chromosomes 13-15, 21, 22 include about 200 gene clusters that synthesize RNA. These chromosomal regions contain the information on the following type of RNA:
For an unknown reason the fertilization membrane of an embryo dissolved in the fallopian tube in the first critical period. What complication of pregnancy is possible in this case?
A patient is 59 years old and works as director of a private enterprise. After the inspection by tax authorities he developed intense burning retrosternal pain radiating to the left arm. After 15 minutes the patient returned to normal. What is the leading mechanism for the development of stenocardia in this patient?
A patient of neurological department has a sensitivity loss caused by the damage to pseudounipolar neurocytes. Pseudounipolar neurons are a kind of bipolar neurons and the only place of their localization in the human body is:
Periodontitis induces the development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as an increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?
Continuous treatment of cancer patients with methotrexate over time reduces the target cells sensitivity to the drug. In this case gene amplification of the following enzyme is observed:
An attack of tachycardia was stopped by pressing on the eyeballs. Which of the following reflexes underlies this phenomenon?
A child is 6 years old. The permanent teeth have started to take the place of the primary teeth. What teeth are the first to emerge?
A patient complains of frequent bowel movements and stool with blood admixtures ("raspberry jelly" stool). Microscopic examination revealed large mononuclear cells with absorbed red blood cells. What protozoon is this morphological structure typical for?
Histological examination of the grayish-pink elastic nodule of 0,3 cm in diameter found by a surgeon at the root of the extracted tooth shows granulation tissue with cords of stratified squamous epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Examples of human-specific parasites are malaria plasmodium, enterobius vermicularis and some other. The source of invasion of such parasites is always a human. Such human-specific parasites cause diseases that are called:
A woman consulted a doctor about swelling and tenderness of the lower extremity, swollen veins and nodes on the medial surface of thigh. Which vein was affected?
Microscopy of a smear obtained from a patient with acute purulent periostitis revealed gram-positive bacteria arranged in clusters resembling bunch of grapes. What microorganisms is this morphology typical for?
At the recruiting office US examination of a 19-year-old man revealed nephroptosis. Normally the kidneys should be located at the following vertebral level:
A histological specimen represents an organ made up of skeletal cross-striated muscle tissue. The organ has cutaneous, intermediate, and mucosal sections. The skin of the organ is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium passing into nonkeratinizing epithelium in the mucosal section. Specify this organ:
A 40-year-old male has hearing impairment and paresis of facial muscles resulting from a blow to his head. He was diagnosed with a hematoma of cerebellopontine angle. What nerves had been damaged?
Following the tooth extraction for acute pulpitis complicated by purulent periodontitis a patient developed osteomyelitis of mandible. 10 days later the patient died with symptoms of severe intoxication. Autopsy revealed a 2x2 cm large abscess of the right frontal lobe of brain, bilateral abscessed pneumonia, myeloid hyperplasia of spleen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
It has been revealed that intense physical exercise causes activation of gluconeogenesis in liver of experimantal rats. Which substance is glucose precursor in this case?
Autopsy of a young man revealed some lung cavities with inner walls made up of granulation tissue with varying degrees of maturity; pronounced pneumosclerosis and bronchiectasis. Some cavities had caseation areas. What is your presumptive diagnosis?
A 50-year-old woman with myocardial infarction has been delivered to the intensive care unit. Which enzymes activity will be most increased during the first two days?
Wilsons disease is a disorder of copper transport which leads to the accumulation of this metal in brain and liver cells. It is associated with a disturbance in the synthesis of the following protein:
A 60-year-old man with a history of chronic intestinal obstruction has excessive protein putrefaction in the colon. What is the indicator of this process?
Depressions and emotional disorders result from noradrenaline, serotonin and other biogenic amines deficiency in brain. Concentration of these compounds in synapses can be increased by means of antidepressants that inhibit the activity of the following enzyme:
A 70-year-old man has developed prosphetic stomatitis. Apart of this he was found to have an evident lesion of mouth corners. Microscopical examination revealed large ovoid gram-positive cells. What microorganisms are most likely to be the leading etiological agent of such a lesion?
Microscopy of a smear taken from the film that appeared on the peptone water 6 hours after seeding and culturing of a fecal sample in a thermostat revealed mobile gram-negative bacteria curved in form of a comma that didnt make spores or capsules. What microorganisms were revealed?
Vestibular surface of the left lower incisor has a pink fungoid formation up to 2 cm large which is fixed to the supra-alveolar tissue by a wide pedicle. Histological examination revealed branched capillary vessels with multiple hemorrhages and foci of hemosiderosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Oral mucosa of a patient was treated with hydrogen peroxide. Instead of foaming, the blood turned brown. That is possible in case of reduced concentration of the following enzyme:
During a surgery, the anesthesiologist used a ganglionic blocker for controlled hypotension. What drug was given the patient in this case?
During ventricular systole the muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:
A patient has herpetic conjunctivitis. What etiotropic drug should be administered?
A patient with a long history of chronic periodontitis underwent removal of a maxillary cyst located at the root of the affected tooth. Microscopy shows that the bone wall is made up of fibrous tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. The inner surface of the cyst is covered with stratified squamous epithelium with no signs of keratinization. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Anatomical dead space is the part of air that remains in the airways after the expiration. Anatomical dead space will be reduced in the following situation:
Functioning of certain structures of the isolated heart was stopped by means of cooling. What structure was cooled providing that the heart first stopped contractions and then resumed them with a frequency twice lower than the initial one?
Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed that the tissue had no blood vessels, and the cells were packed tightly together making layers. Specify this tissue:
A patient has petechial hemorrhages on the gums, hard and soft palate, buccal mucosa. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following blood corpuscles:
Survey radiograph of facial skull of a 16-year-old girl shows some hole-like foci of cranial bone destruction. Histological examination of biopsy material revealed zones of destruction of bone trabeculae, proliferation of connective tissue with diffuse histiocytic infiltrate and a large number of eosinophilic leukocytes. Diagnose the disease:
A 77-year-old patient with atherosclerosis got pain in his right foot. The foot is enlarged, the skin is black and macerated, the demarcation zone is not defined clearly. What pathological process arose in the foot?
Certain infections caused by bacteria are treated with sulphanilamides that block the synthesis of bacterial growth factor. What is the mechanism of these drugs action?
A 26-year-old patient was found to have a big furuncle of soft tissues of face by the root of nose and inferior eyelid. This disease can be seriously complicated by the infection spreading along veins of this region to the sinuses of dura brain mater. What sinus is most likely to be affected?
A 12-year-old male patient has tetanic convulsions. Which gland function may be impaired in this case?
The total number of leukocytes in patients blood is 90*10^9/l. Leukogram: eosinophils - 0%, basophils - 0%, juvenile - 0%, stab neutrophils - 2%, segmentonuclear cells - 20%, lymphoblasts - 1%, prolymphocytes - 2%, lymphocytes - 70%, monocytes - 5%, Botkin-Gumprecht cells. Clinical examination revealed enlarged cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. Such clinical presentations are typical for the following pathology:
A patient with chronic heart failure has been taking digoxin for several months on an outpatient basis. At a certain stage of treatment, he got symptoms of drug overdose. What effect underlies the development of this complication?
A 60-year-old man consulted a doctor about an onset of chest pain. In blood serum analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the following enzymes: creatine kinase and its MB-isoform, aspartate aminotransferase. These changes indicate the development of the pathological process in the following tissues:
Following treatment with a highly-efficient anti-tuberculosis drug a 48-year-old female developed optic nerve neuritis, memory impairment, cramps. Which of these anti-TB drugs had the patient taken?
Following the estimation of a persons energy expenditures it was established that the respiratory quotient was equal to 1,0. This means that the compound that is mainly oxidized in the cells is:
A patient from Prykarpattia (at the foot of the Carpathian mountains) with endemic goiter consulted a doctor about suppuration of gingival angles and loosening of teeth. What is a major factor of periodontitis development in this case?
A patient has the pronounced pain syndrome induced by neuralgia. What drug from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs will reduce pain sensitivity?
After examining the patient the doctor recommended him to eliminate rich meat and vegetable broth, spices, smoked products from the diet, since the patient was found to have:
Microscopy of dental plaque revealed unicellular organisms. Their cytoplasm had two distinct layers, barely visible core, wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have:
Platelet adhesion at the site of vascular injury is of great importance for the mechanisms of primary hemostasis. Which factor plays a major part in this process?
Enamel hypoplasia is caused by a dominant gene localized in the X chromosome. Mother has a normal enamel, and father has enamel hypoplasia. Which of children will have this anomaly?
A patient consulted a doctor about an increased pain sensitivity of the ear skin and ear canal. Palpation behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle was painful. Such clinical presentations are typical for the irritation of the following nerve:
Electrophoretic study of blood serum of a patient with pneumonia revealed an increase in one of the protein fractions. What fraction is it?
After the transfusion of the concentrated red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading mechanism of acute renal failure in this case?
Histological specimen of mandible shows 10 tooth buds connected to the dental plate. Which element of tooth germ will develop out of them?
A patient with diabetes mellitus developed ketoacidotic coma due to the acid-base disturbance. What type of disorder had arisen in this case?
Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically got infectious diseases of bacterial origin, their course was extremely lingering, remissions were short. Examination revealed low level of major classes of immunoglobulins. The direct cause of this phenomenon may be the following cell dysfunction:
A hospital in Donetsk region admitted the patients - members of the same family - with eyelid and face edemata, fever, eosinophilia, headache, muscle pain. The disease developed on the 7-10 day after eating pork sausage sent by the patients relatives from Khmelnitsky region. What is your provisional diagnosis?
After the extraction of the lower first premolar the patient had dentoalveolar haemorrhage. What artery did the bleeding occur from?
As a result of an injury a child developed an abscess of adipose tissue of cheek. With time the process spread to the lateral surface of pharynx. The pus spread along the following fascia:
A female patient presents with the ovarian hyperaemia, increased permeability of the blood-follicle barrier with the development of edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in volume. Its wall is thickened. What period of the sex cycle is the described situation typical for?
A 4-year-old girl died suddenly with symptoms of asphyxia. Autopsy revealed white spots on the buccal mucosa; large blotches of rash on the skin of face, trunk and extremities; conjunctivitis, edema with foci of necrosis on the laryngeal mucosa; giant-cell pneumonia on microscopy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Inhibitory effect of GABA is due to the increased permeability of the postsynaptic membrane for chloride ions. This mediator is produced as a result of decarboxylation of the following amino acid:
A patient has an inflammation in the pterygopalatine fossa. The infection has spread into the nasal cavity. Which anatomical structure has the infection spread through?
Degeneration of glycogen in liver is stimulated by glucagon. What secondary messenger (mediator) is thus formed in the cell?
Postmortem examination of a patient with a long history of rheumatism revealed thickening and shortening of the mitral valve leaflets with abundant thrombotic deposits. Histological examination of the valve leaflets confirmed sclerosis and revealed multiple foci of connective tissue disorganization in form of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, as well as deendothelization foci. Endothelium defects were covered with thrombotic deposits of 1-2 mm. What type of valvular endocarditis is the case?
A 10-year-old child cut his leg with a piece of glass and was sent to a clinic for an anti-tetanus serum injection. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock the Besredka desensitisation method was applied. What mechanism underlies this method?
A patient consulted a doctor about the inflammation of the ethmoid bone cells (ethmoiditis). Examination revealed the disorder of blood supply to the bone. The ethmoidal cells are normally supplied with blood by the branches of the following artery:
An 18-year-old patient complains of general weakness, fatigue, low spirits. The patient is of the asthenic constitution type. Ps- 68/min., AP- 90/60 mm Hg. She has been found to have primary neurocirculatory hypotension. What is the leading factor of the arterial pressure drop in this patient?
A histological specimen of mandible of an embryo shows a tooth germ with the dental papilla made up of small stellate basophilic cells. What tissue forms this part of the tooth germ?
A patient underwent lobectomy of the right middle lobe of a lung. What segments of the lung were affected?
A patient with symptoms of acute heart failure, namely pallor, acrocyanosis and rapid shallow breathing, has been delivered to the emergency department. Which of these drugs is indicated in this case?
During gastrulation the Hensens node remained underdeveloped in the embryo. Which axial organ will slow down its development?
Ionizing radiation or vitamin E deficiency may increase the permeability of lysosome membranes. What consequences may arise from this pathology?
Mother of a 10-year-old boy with purulent gingivitis consulted a dentist about the possibility of gingivitis treatment with fluoroquinolone drugs. The doctor gave a negative answer explaining it by the fact that fluoroquinolones:
A patient with arthritis and varicose veins has been taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for a long time, which caused the thrombosis of cutaneous veins. Which of the listed drugs might have caused this complication?
A 42-year-old man died with symptoms of severe intoxication and respiratory failure. A slide of lung tissue was heterogenous, with multiple microfocal hemorrhages and foci of emphysema. Histological examination of lungs revealed hemorrhagic abscessing bronchopneumonia; eosinophilic and basophilic granules in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bronchi. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 45-year-old female patient has neurosis with irritability, insomnia, amotivational anxiety. What tranquilizer will be able to eliminate all symptoms of the disease?
On the base of the clinical data a child was diagnosed with atypical pneumonia resistant to the effects of beta-lactam antibiotics. The patients sputum was cultured and incubated in a special medium, which resulted in growth of microorganisms forming microscopic colonies with a dense center (looking like fried eggs). What microorganism caused the disease?
A patient was taken to a hospital with dizziness, dry mouth, mydriatic pupils, accommodation disorder, tachycardia, difficult urination, intestinal atony. These symptoms might have been caused by overdose of the following drug:
A 71-year-old man had been presenting with diarrhea for 10 days. The feces had admixtures of blood and mucus. He was delivered to a hospital in grave condition and died 2 days later. Autopsy of the body revealed the following: diphtheritic colitis with multiple irregularly-shaped ulcers of different depth in both sigmoid colon and rectus. Bacteriological analysis revealed Shigella. What was the main disease?
Before an exam a student complained of acute dental pain which grew less during the exam. What inhibition caused the pain abatement?
A patient with chronic heart failure had been taking digitoxin for several months, during digitalization the following symptoms developed: headache, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, impaired color vision, bradycardia. What antidote should be administered to reduce the intoxication symptoms?
A woman got infected with rubella during pregnancy. The child was born with malformations, namely cleft lip and palate. The childs genotype is normal. These malformations are a manifestation of:
A patient has been diagnosed with a haemorrhage in the region of the lateral sulcus of the brain. As a result, the blood flow is disturbed in the following artery:
Cationic glycoproteins are the major components of parotid saliva. What amino acids are responsible for their positive charge?
A patient with mandibular osteomyelitis has been administered an antibiotic from the tetracycline group. Specify this drug:
In course of a surgery the surgeon needs to expose spatium antescalenum. What structure forms the posterior border of this space?
When processing a molar tooth with a dental cutter the dentist has by accident deeply wounded the patients cheek and damaged not only the mucosa but also a muscle. Which muscle was hurt?
A patient complains of an increased sensitivity of the posterior third of his tongue as well as of a gustatory disturbance in this region. What nerve is damaged?
Tooth extraction in a patient with chronic persistent hepatitis was complicated by a prolonged bleeding. What is the cause of hemorrhagic syndrome?
A physician is planning to diagnose an infectious disease by means of agglutination test. What is required for this reaction apart from the serum of a patient?
From the fecal sample of a patient Shigella sonnei were isolated. What additional studies are required to identify the source of infection?
Preventive examination of 1-1.5-year-old children living in an orphanage revealed focal thickening of ribs and wrists, bowed legs. The dentist pointed out delayed teething, wrong eruption order, irregular mineralization of the enamel and dentin, high-arched palate. What disease has developed in children?
A patient with a severe maxillofacial trauma has been delivered to the emergency department. What drug should be given this patient to relieve pain shock?
A patient with acute heart failure refractory to cardiac glycosides was given an injection of dobutamine. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?
An examination of a 26-year-old patient involved histological analysis of bone marrow punctate which revealed a significant decrease in the number of megakaryocytes. At the same time the following blood corpuscles should be decreased in number:
A patient has been diagnosed with sepsis. It was decided to treat him with a drug from the fluoroquinolone group. Specify this drug:
When a wound heals, a scar takes its place. What substance is the main component of its connective tissue?
After a person had drunk 1,5 liters of water, the amount of urine increased significantly, and its relative density decreased to 1,001. These changes are a result of decreased water reabsorption in the distal nephron portion due to reduced secretion of:
During allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa) the number of basophils in the connective tissue of the mucosa increases, which is accompanied by a tissue edema. This phenomenon is associated with the following function of tissue basophils:
A patient with a craniocerebral injury presents with respiration characterized by progressively deeper respiratory movements followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing. What pattern of abnormal respiration are these features typical for?
Calcification of the intercellular substance of bone tissue is accompanied by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals along the collagen fibers. This process requires the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the intercellular substance. What cell produces this enzyme?
A patient complains of toothache. On examination he has been diagnosed with pulpitis. Which factor played a main pathogenic role in the development of pain syndrome in this case?
Having recovered from angina a 23-year-old patient developed urinary syndrome (hematuria, proteinuria, leukocyturia). Study of the puncture biopsy of a kidney revealed manifestations of intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, and electron microscopy revealed large subepithelial deposits. What is the pathogenesis of this disease?
Following a cold, a patient developed numbness on the right side of his face. Examination revealed a disturbance of pain and temperature sensitivity on the right side of the face. What nerve is damaged?
Children often have laboured nasal breathing which is caused by overdevelopment of lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal mucous membrane. This phenomenon may cause enlargement of the following tonsils:
A patient has sustained a traumatic injury of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted in a decrease of:
Examination of the oral mucosa revaled a small nodule with papillary surface. Histological examination revealed conjugate papillary proliferations of stratified squamous epithelium without cellular atypism and underlying stroma represented by thin-walled vessels and loose connective tissue. What formation has developed in a patient?
Injection of an anaesthetic before the tooth extraction resulted in development of anaphylactic shock accompanied by oliguria. What pathogenetic mechanism caused a decrease in diuresis in this case?
The patients mobile phone rang during EEG recording. What changes will be observed on the EEG?
Blood serum of a newborn contains antibodies to measles virus. What kind of immunity is this indicative of?
It is known that the gene responsible for the development of the MN blood groups has two allelic states. If the gene M is considered as the initial gene, the allelic gene N appeared due to:
A patient with a pronounced icteritiousness of skin, sclera and mucous membranes has urine of dark beer colour and colourless feces. Direct bilirubin in blood is elevated, urine contains bilirubin. What type of jaundice is it?
A 37-year-old patient has has lost 5 kg in weight over the past three months, he complains of hand tremor, excessive sweating, exophthalmos, tachycardia. These changes might have been caused by the increased secretion of the following hormone:
Histological study of a microslide of human skin found only dense irregular connective tissue. Which layer of this organ was analysed?
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?
The operative dentistry department admitted a newborn girl who choked during sucking. Examination revealed cleft palate arising from non-union of the middle frontal process and maxillary process of the I-st branchial arch. The cleft was located in the palate between:
Analysis of biopsy material of urinary bladder mucosa revealed a tumour of epithelial origin. What kind of epithelium was the source of this tumour?
A 30-year-old patient with pneumonia has been administered a 3-day course of an antibiotic from the group of azalides that has bactericidal effect, prolonged action, the ability to bind to phagocytic cells and accumulate in the infection foci. What drug has been administered?
Histological specimen of a decalcified tooth represents richly vascularized loose fibrous connective tissue containing a variety of cells. Pyriform odontoblasts of this region are arranged in several rows. What kind of dental structure is it?
A patient has air embolism as a result of a skin injury in the middle portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Which cervical vein was injured?
At a certain stage of development of a human embryo one can observe formation of a cavity in its structure, small light blastomeres on the periphery and large dark blastomeres at one of the poles. The embryo at this stage of development is called:
A patient has a history of chronic obstructive bronchitis. Blood gas analysis revealed the development of hypoxemia and hypercapnia on the background of dyspnea, tachycardia and cyanosis. What disorder of external respiration is observed in the patient?
A patient has secretory dysfunction of the submandibular salivary galnd. Which nerve is responsible for its vegetative innervation?
It was established that the conduction velocity in the nerve fibers was equal to 120 m/sec. Specify these fibers:
After a diver had dived to a depth of 60 meters he got the following symptoms of CNS dysfunction: anxiety, euphoria, lack of attention, professional errors. These symptoms are associated with neurons being under a toxic effect of:
A patient with marked manifestations of exsicosis died in the infectious disease hospital. Postmortem examination results: the corpse with contracted muscles, dry skin and mucous membranes, thick and dark blood in veins, edematous plethoric mucosa, distended bowel loops, the lumen contains about 4 liters of rice-water fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient consulted a doctor about loss of taste at the root of tongue. The doctor established that this was due to a nerve damage. What nerve was damaged?
Autopsy of a 52-year-old woman with a long history of chronic glomerulonephritis revealed significantly reduced in size, dense kidneys with a surface of fine granularity; fibrinous inflammation of serous and mucous membranes; dystrophic changes in parenchymatous organs; cerebral edema. The described changes of serous membranes and internal organs are caused by the following complication:
The surgically excised connective tissue of the deformed mitral valve gives a basophilic reaction when stained with hematoxylin and eosin. When stained with toluidine blue it turns purple (metachromasia). What changes of the connective tissue can be detected by such reactions?
In a bacteriological laboratory some bacterial smears had to be stained by Grams method. For this purpose the following reagents were prepared: gentian violet, Lugols solution, aqueous fuchsin solution. What other reagent is required?
In the perianal folds of a 5-year-old girl mother found white worms causing itch and anxiety, and took them to the laboratory. The study revealed white filament-like helminths 0,5-1 cm long, with pointed, sometimes twisted, ends. What diagnosis can be made?
A pregnant women developed severe toxemia with exhausting recurrent vomiting throughout a day. By the end of the day she developed tetanic convulsions and bodily dehydration. The described changes were caused by the following type of acid-base disbalance:
During the formation of mantle dentin the synthetic activity of odontoblasts was disturbed, which will have an effect on the formation of the following fibers:
A patient visited a dentist for acute dental pain in the lower left canine. He was diagnosed with pulpitis. What nerve innervates this tooth?
Phenylketonuria is a disease caused by a recessive gene that is localized in the autosome. The parents are heterozygous for this gene. They already have two sons with phenylketonuria and one healthy daughter. What is the probability that their fourth child will have the disease too?
An unconscious patient had been delivered to a hospital by the ambulance. Objectively: absent reflexes, occasional convulsions, irregular breathing. After a laboratory examination he was diagnosed with hepatic coma. What metabolite accumulation is essential for the development of the central nervous system disorders?
As a result of an injury the patient is unable to move his tongue forward and downward. Which of the following muscles is damaged?
When examining a child the dentist found the deposit on both tonsils and suspected atypical form of diphtheria. A smear was taken, and after the nutrient media inoculation the toxicity of the isolated pure culture was determined. What reaction was used to determine the toxigenicity of the isolated strain of diphtheria bacillus?
A patient with inflammation of tongue mucosa (glossitis) complains of taste sensitivity disorder in the two anterior thirds of the tongue. This is caused by the lesion of the following nerve:
A patient with periodontitis has developed gingival edema. The gums are of dark red colour. What local circulation disorder prevails in the gums of the patient?
It is known that the pentose phosphate pathway occuring in the adipocytes of adipose tissue acts as a cycle. What is the main function of this cycle in the adipose tissue?
A 50-year-old patient has been examined by a dentist and found to have crimson smooth tongue. Blood analysis revealed a decrease in RBC level and hemoglobin concentration, colour index of 1,3, symptoms of megaloblastic hematopoiesis, degenerative changes in WBCs. What blood disorder was found in this patient?
In order to eliminate occupational risks dental workers underwent vaccination. The vaccine should protect them from a viral infection, whose pathogen may be found in blood of dental patients who had had this infection or who are its chronic carriers. What vaccine was used?
A patient with a malignant neoplasm on the upper jaw had been administered morphine hydrochloride for analgesia. The injection induced respiratory depression, pupil constriction, cyanosis, hypothermia, loss of consciousness. What antidote must be used?
A patient with rheumatoid arthritis has been given hydrocortisone for a long time. He has developed hyperglycemia, polyuria, glycosuria, thirst. These complications of treatment result from the activation of the following process:
Steatosis is caused by accumulation of triacylglycerols in hepatocytes. One of the mechanisms of this disease is to reduce the utilization of neutral fat VLDL. What lipotropic substances prevent the steatosis development?
Histological study of the bronchial wall and adjacent lung segments revealed sheets and strands of squamous epithelium. The cells have moderately expressed symptoms of atypia: polymorphism, nuclear hyperchromatism, mitoses. In the center of the complex there are concentric pink formations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Autopsy of a man who died from intraintestinal hemorrhage revealed necrosis of grouped and solitary follicles, dead tissues imbibed with bile and blood in the ileum; sequestration and rejection of necrotic masses with defect formation in the lower segment of the intestine. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely?
A patient has acute laryngotracheitis with nonproductive cough that is very exhaustive. Prescribe an antitussive drug:
After the traumatic tooth extraction a patient is complaining of acute, dull, poorly-localized pain in gingiva, body temperature rise up to 37,5°C. The patient has been diagnosed with alveolitis. Specify the kind of pain in this patient:
Histologically, the internal wall of a cyst localized on the upper jaw is lined with stratified squamous epithelium with underlying granulation tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes. The external layer is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue surrounded by cicatrical fibrous tissue. What diagnosis can be made?
A patient presents with dysfunction of shin muscles. He cannot raise his body by standing on tiptoe. Which muscle is affected?
Microscopy of colonic biopsy material revealed a tumour made up of prismatic epithelium and forming atypical glandular structures of various shapes and sizes. The basal membrane of glands was destroyed. Tumour cells were polymorphic, with hyperchromatic nuclei and a large number of pathological mitoses. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Curarelike substances (dithylinum) make it impossible for skeletal muscles to contract because they block:
A student who unexpectedly met his girlfriend developed an increase in systemic arterial pressure. This pressure change was caused by the intensified realization of the following reflexes:
Cytogenetic analysis established that the patient had the 47, XYY karyotype. The extra chromosome in the karyotype has a centromere located very close to one of the chromosome ends so that one chromosomal arm is much shorter than the other one. Such a chromosome is called:
A female woman has been clinically diagnosed with gonorrhea. Which of the following studies can be used to confirm the diagnosis?
In the experiment, an animal had its brain stem cut, which caused a rapid increase of extensor muscle tone (decerebrate rigidity). This condition arose because the muscles were no more under the control of the following brain structure:
An animal had been intensively fed with carbohydrates. Histologic examination of its liver revealed a significant number of glycogen granules. Glycogen relates to the following group of cell structures:
X-ray of a patient in the upright position revealed the presence of air in the stomach. What part of stomach is it located?
Treatment of a patient with hereditary form of immunodeficiency involved gene therapy: the enzyme gene was introduced into the cells of the patient by means of a retrovirus. What property of the genetic code allows to use retroviruses as vectors of functional genes?
A patient complains about retrosternal pain, dyspnea and palpitation. After examination he was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and prescribed verapamil. What is the mechanism of its action?
After a thorough examination the patient who had returned from Central Asia to Ukraine was diagnosed with spring-summer encephalitis. Its pathogen might have entered the body through the bite of the following arthropod:
A patient has been preliminarily diagnosed withf paragonimiasis. This disease is caused by lung flukes. The causative agent entered into the patients body through:
A patient with periodontitis has been administered a glucocorticoid drug in form of an ointment. Specify this ointment:
Examination of a chemical plant worker who had had a poisoning revealed an increase in total bilirubin concentration at the expense of indirect fraction. Feces and urine are characterized by high stercobilin concentration. The level of direct bilirubin in blood plasma is normal. What type of jaundice is the case?
It is known that many hormones act through the adenylate cyclase system causing the enzyme activation by phosphorylation. What enzyme is activated by hormonal signals and catalyzes glycogen breakdown?
After the exposure to ionizing radiation a person was found to have a decrease in blood granulocyte level. What mechanism underlies these changes?
In a hot weather, the microclimate in hot rooms is often normalized by fans. At the same time heat radiation from the human body increases through:
In the dental practice, the vitality of tooth tissues is estimated by electric pulp test. What parameter is assessed?
Reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes enhances peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. The reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity is caused by the following microelement deficiency:
A tumour pressing upon the vegetative nucleus of a cranial nerve causes saliva secretion by the parotid gland. What nucleus does the tumor press upon?
A patient has a history of chronic heart failure. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is a major symptom of cardiac decompensation development?
A patient has symptoms of atherosclerosis. What plasma lipid transport forms should have an increased concentration?
A specimen of the pia mater shows a vessel with no middle membrane in its wall, its outer membrane adheres to the surrounding tissues, the inner membrane is made up of the basal membrane and endothelium. Specify this vessel:
In the armpits of a patient the small (1-1,5 mm), dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, blood-sucking insects. Their larvae developed in the armpits too. What disease is caused by these insects?
Examination of a teenager revealed a congenital heart disease, namely the functioning of Botallos duct. In the prenatal period of development this duct connects the following organs:
During manipulations aimed at treatment of mandible dislocation a physician should pay particular attention to a muscle that pulls a capsule and interarticular disc of temporomandibular articulation exteriorly. What muscle is it?
Some proteins of saliva have a protective function. Which of them protects the oral mucosa from the mechanical damage?
Examination of a patient revealed glycosuria and hyperglycemia. He complains of dry mouth, itchy skin, frequent urination, thirst. He has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What is the cause of polyuria in this patient?
Experimenters irritate the peripheral segment of the intersected sympathetic nerve of an experimental dog. Which of the following changes will be observed?
In course of an experiment an animal had its cornea injured. What cells will provide the regeneration of stratified epithelium?
A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks gestation was admitted to the maternity ward. Examination revealed that the cervix was open, but uterine contractions were absent. The doctor gave her a hormonal drug to induce labor. Specify this drug:
A 65-year-old patient had been treated for 3 days in the resuscitation unit for a cardiac pathology. Suddenly he developed ventricular fibrillation which turned out to be the immediate cause of death. Microscopy of the left ventricular myocard revealed a large focus of cardiomyocyte karyolysis demarcated by the zone of hyperaemia. What cardiac pathology was the cause of death?
As a result of a rapid change from horizontal to vertical body position a 16-year-old girl lost consciousness. What is the reason for it?
After severe viral hepatitis a 4-year-old boy presents with vomiting, occasional loss of consciousness, convulsions. Blood test revealed hyperammoniemia. Such condition is caused by a disorder of the following biochemical hepatic process:
A patient has a systemic inflammatory lesion of connective tissue. Which anti-inflammatory drug will reduce all the inflammatory phases?
The aim of the morphological study was to investigate an endocrine gland with parenchyma consisting of epithelium and neural tissue. In the epithelial trabeculae the study revealed two types of cells: chromophile and chromophobe. Identify this organ:
A 20-year-old male got his tongue pierced. 5 months later a dense pale pink formation appeared in the zone of puncture. Biopsy revealed growing connective tissue with focal clusters of single polymorphonuclear neutrophils, fibroblasts, foreign body cells, lymphocytes and plasmocytes. What kind of pathological process developed in the tongue tissues?
Detection of X-chromatin in somatic cells is used for the quick diagnosis of hereditary diseases associated with a change in the sex chromosome number. Vast majority of a mans cells have three X-chromatin bodies. What is the mans karyotype?
DNA replication occurs during the cell division when a signal is received from the cytoplasm, and a certain portion of the DNA helix is unwound and divided into two chains. The helix is unwound by the following enzyme:
After starting treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis a patient complained about red tears and urine. What drug could cause such changes?