Inadequate treatment of middle ear inflammation (mesotympanitis) has resulted in suppurative inflammation of the cells of temporal bone mastoid process (mastoiditis). The abscess has erupted into the bed of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This pathological process is localised in the following cervical fascia:
When examining the oral caity of a 22-year-old patient, the dentist noticed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar. This tubercle is called:
Alveolar bleeding has been detected following the extraction of the maxillary second premolar. What artery causes this kind of bleeding, when damaged?
A female patient has referred to a dentist with complains of bruise and swelling around her eye. Anamnesis is as follows: several days prior her 1st premolar tooth had been extracted, with infraorbital anesthesia administered; several days later hematoma appeared in the area of foramen intraorbitale.Branch of the following artery was damaged:
A patient has lost his ability to recognize objects by their characteristic sounds (clock, bell, music). What part of his brain is damaged?
A patient complains of pain in the thorax during breathing, dyspnea, restriction of coughing movements, hiccup. What respiratory muscles are affected?
Having lost significant amount of body weight, a 70-year-old patient complains of dull pain in the lumbar area. In the result of examination he was diagnosed with floating kidney. What part of kidney supporting apparatus is most likely to be damaged?
Examination of a 23-year-old patient reveals that when his tongue is protruded, its tip deviates to the side. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following tongue muscle:
A patient has air embolism as a result of a skin injury in the middle portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Which cervical vein was injured?
Otopyosis has caused tympanic cavity roof to be broken by pus. From tympanic cavity pus spreads to the following cranial fossa:
A 33-year-old patient complains of an impairment of skin sensitivity in the medial part of the dorsal and palmar surface of hand.Which nerve is damaged?
A 2-year-old child has congenital spastic contraction of muscles on one side of neck, that is torticollis.What muscle is affected?
Nucleoli of nuclei have been damaged due to tissue culture nuclear irradiation. Regeneration of the following organelles becomes hampered in cytoplasm:
A histological preparation shows organ, where lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymph nodules, medullary cords and lymphatic sinuses. What organ is it?
An electron microphotograph of duodenal epithelium clearly shows a cell with electron-dense granules in the basal pole.What cell is it?
As a result of a development anomaly a newborn has malformation of major salivary glands. This anomaly is caused by the damage of the following embryonal structure:
The effect of some harmful factors caused focal damage of the gastric epithelium. What cells are responsible for its regeneration?
Microscopic examination of a CNS body revealed the gray matter with three layers of neurons, namely molecular, ganglionic and granular layer. What are the neurons constituting the second layer?
A histological preparation of lower jaw shows dentin being formed. Collagen fibers synthesized by odontoblasts are thin and situated perpendicular to dentinal tubules. What fibers are being produced in dentin?
Normal implantation of human embryo is possible only if uterus endometrium undergoes certain changes, with the following type of endometrium cells increasing in number:
There is a large amount of effusion in the pericardial cavity of a patient with exudative pericarditis. What cells cause such a phenomenon when their functional activity is disrupted?
Stimulation of the peripheral segment of chorda tympani in an experimenal animal resulted in the discharge of the following secretion from the parotid salivary fistula:
A 40-year-old patient was revealed to have blood clotting time of 2 minutes under a stressful condition. It is primarily caused by the following hormon affecting hemocoagulation:
Sharp decrease of lungs surfactant activity has been detected in a patient. It will result in the following:
A 38-year-old female patient has been brought into admission room with uterine bleeding. What will be revealed by blood test?
The patient's lower pair of mesencephalon quadrigeminal bodies has been damaged due to hemorrhage. What reflex is lost?
There is high content of proteine and erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by increased:
Certain brain structures of test animals have been subjected to electrostimulation, as an experiment, resulting in development of polyphagia (abnormal desire to consume excessive amounts of food) in test animals. Electrodes have been inserted in the following brain structures:
Experimental studies revealed steroid hormones to have an effect on proteosynthesis. They influence synthesis of the following substances:
A female patient has scalded her hand with boiling water. The affected skin area became red, swollen and painful. This effect is caused by accumulation of the following substance:
Mother had noticed her 5-year-old child's urine to become dark in colour. Bile pigments in urine were not detected. The diagnosis of alkaptonuria was made. What pigment is deficient?
Biogenic amines, such as histamine, serotonin, dopamine and others, are highly active substances affecting various physiological functions. What transformation process of amino acids results in biogenic amines being produced in somatic tissues?
There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is:
In the process of metabolism human body produces active oxygen forms, including superoxide anion radical O₂. This anion is inactivated by the following enzyme:
A 34-year-old patient has low endurance of physical loads. At the same time skeletal muscles have increased concentration of glycogen. This is caused by the reduced activity of the following enzyme:
A patient has been prescribed pyridoxal phosphate. What processes are corrected with this drug?
A 60-year-old man consulted a doctor about an onset of chest pain. In blood serum analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the following enzymes: creatine kinase and its MBisoform, aspartate aminotransferase. These changes indicate the development of the pathological process in the following tissues:
A nuclear power plant disaster fighter had absorbed radiation dose of 5 Gy; in a week he was diagnosed with blood agranulocytosis. What pathogenetic mechanism is principal in its origination?
A patient with liver cirrhosis has been given intravenously 500,0 ml of 5%glucose solution along with other drugs. There is a high risk of the following water-electrolytic balance disruption:
A 32-year-old patient has purulent wound in the lower third of forearm. Smear of purulent wound content has been made. What cells will be generally detected, if it is stained using Romanovsky-Giemsa stain?
A patient has oliguria caused by acute renal failure. What daily amount of urine corresponds with this symptom?
A 7-year-old child suffers from acute disease. A pediatrician observed the following during examination: pharynx mucosa is hyperemic, edematous, swollen, cowered with large amount of mucus. Buccal mucosa has whitish discoloured spots. On the next day the child came out in rash with large spots covering the skin of his face, neck and torso. What kind of inflammation causes changes in pharynx mucosa?
Histological examination of the grayishpink elastic nodule of 0,3 cm in diameter found by a surgeon at the root of the extracted tooth shows granulation tissue with cords of stratified squamous epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Histological examination of a lymph node removed from the posterior triangle of neck of an 18-year-old patient revealed some cell agglomerations that included single multinuclear Reed-Sternberg cells, major Hodgkin's cells, minor Hodgkin's cells and many lymphocytes, single plasmatic cells, eosinophils. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Autopsy of a man who died from intraintestinal hemorrhage revealed necrosis of grouped and solitary follicles, dead tissues imbibed with bile and blood in the ileum; sequestration and rejection of necrotic masses with defect formation in the lower segment of the intestine. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely?
An autopsy of the body of an aged man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened; the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed.What diagnosis is most probable?
A 28-year-old patient had been diagnosed with multifragmental fracture of the right hip. On the third day after the injury he began to complain of pain in the right side of chest, difficult respiration. A day later the patient died of progressive heart and respiratory failure. Histological study of pulmonary and cerebral blood vessels revealed orange sudanophilic droplets that completely obstructed the vessels of microvasculature. What complication caused the death of the patient?
A female patient with heavy poisoning caused by sepsis has died. "Tiger heart" was revealed during autopsy. Microscopic investigation allowed to detect lipides in the cardiac myocytes cytoplasm. What morphogenetic development mechanism is the main cause of this kind of dystrophy?
A paitent, who works as a milkmaid, has made an appoinment with a dentist with complaints of aphtha-shaped rash on the mucosa of oral cavity. The doctor detected rash on her hands in the area of nail plates. What agent causes this disease?
Bacterioscopy of nasopharyngeal mucus taken from a 2,5-year-old child with nasopharyngitis revealed gram-positive diplococci looking like coffee grains. What organs of the child are most likely to be affected if these microorganisms penetrate the blood?
A pregnant woman complains of vaginal mucosa irritation, itching and genital tracts secretion. Bacterioscopy of vaginal smears revealed large gram-positive oval oblong cells that form pseudomicelium. What is the most probable channel of infection?
There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends placed in the shape of Roman numeral five. What infection can be suspected in this case?
A patient has been hospitalised with provisional diagnosis of hepatitis B. To make a diagnosis, serological reaction is used, which is based on antigen reacting with antibody chemically bound with peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. What is the name of this serological reaction?
To perform conduction anesthesia a patient had been administered a drug used in dental surgery. It was followed by the symptoms of poisoning: central nervous system excitation with following paralysis, and acute cardiovascular insufficiency (collapse). Additionally there were allergic reactions (itching, swelling, erythema). Name this drug.
A patient in a collaptoid state has been given an injection of mesatonum for the correction of blood pressure. What is the mechanism of this drug action?
A 42-year-old female patient consulted a doctor about pain in the knee joints. Objectively there is swelling, redness, hyperthermia in the region of these joints. Laboratory testing revealed positive acute phase reactants.What drugs should be used to treat this patient?
A patient being treated for tuberculosis is suffering from hearing deterioration. What drug causes this complication?
A 55-year-old male patient with acute heart failure has been administered a quick-relief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?
A patient complains about retrosternal pain, dyspnea and palpitation. After examination he was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and prescribed verapamil. What is the mechanism of its action?
A doctor has prescribed clonidine for rapid relief of hypertensic crisis. What group does this drug belong to according to its mechanism of action?
Examination of the oral cavity of a 19-year-old patient revealed a small gap between themaxillary and mandibular incisors. There was no contact between the front teeth. Specify the type of occlusion in this patient:
A 39-year-old patient has been suffering from gastric ulcer for the last 4 years. His condition exacerbates in spring and autumn: he suffers from pain in epigastrium, heartburn, nausea, constipation. What nosological term can be applied to the period between two exacerbations?
A patient has sustained a traumatic injury of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted in a decrease of:
Denture installation has caused excessive salivation in patient. It is caused by the following reflexes:
A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomy. The kidney looks as a thin-walled sac filled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis:
Microscopy of smear preparation stained with methylene blue revealed bacilli with clublike expansions on their ends similar to C.diphteriae. What additional method of staining should be used to verify this assumption?
A patient from Prykarpattia (at the foot of the Carpathianmountains) with endemic goiter consulted a doctor about suppuration of gingival angles and loosening of teeth. What is a major factor of periodontitis development in this case?
A 38-year-old man died all of a sudden. Autopsy revealed myocardial infarction in the posterior wall of the left ventricle.What are the most likely alterations in myocardiocyte structure that can be revealed microscopically in the infarction focus?
A patient at the early stage of diabetes mellitus was found to have polyuria. What is its cause?
Microscopy of perianal folds scrape has revealed colourless eggs in the shape of asymmetrical ovals sized 50x23 micrometers. Name the kind of helminth.
A female patient presents with the ovarian hyperaemia, increased permeability of the blood-follicle barrier with the development of edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in volume. Its wall is thickened. What period of the sex cycle is the described situation typical for?
The total number of leukocytes in patient's blood is 90x10⁹/l. Leukogram: eosinophils - 0%, basophils - 0%, juvenile - 0%, stab neutrophils - 2%, segmentonuclear cells - 20%, lymphoblasts - 1%, prolymphocytes - 2%, lymphocytes - 70%, monocytes - 5%, Botkin-Gumprecht cells. Clinical examination revealed enlarged cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. Such clinical presentations are typical for the following pathology:
A 67-year-old patient has atherosclerosis of cardiac and cerebral vessels. Examination revealed hyperlipidemia. What class of blood plasma lipoproteids is most important in atherosclerosis pathogenesis?
A 42-year-old patient with tetanus developed an acute respiratory failure. What type of respiratory failure occurs in this case?
A patient, who has been suffering from severe injury of thorax, went into shock followed by symptoms of acute renal failure. What is the primary mechanism of acute renal failure development in this case?
A histologic study of a red bonemarrow puncture sample had been conducted in the course of examination of a 35-year-old patient, and significant megakaryocyte number depletion was detected. What peripheral blood changes will result from that?
A 5-year-old child with diagnosis of diphtheria has been hospitalised in severe condition in a contagious isolation ward. Tracheostomy had to be performed on the child to prevent asphyxiation. This operation was caried out in the following neck triangle (trigonum):
A histological preparation of cerebellum transverse section shows large number of multipolar neurons in the grey matter. What morphological feature allows to identify them as multipolar?
A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme:
Human X chromosome contains a dominant gene that is reponsible for normal blood clotting. An autosomal dominant gene plays a similar role. Lack of any of these genes leads to the coagulation disorder. The form of interaction between these genes is called:
A 56-year-old female patient is registrated in a psychoneurologic dispensary due to her suffering from epilepsy, specifically, minor attacks (pti mal). What drug is most efficient in this case?
Glucose content of blood stays at sufficient level after one week of starvation. Is it caused by activation of the following process:
As a result of a trauma a patient has developed traumatic shock. The patient is fussy, talkative, pale. AP- 140/90 mm Hg, Ps-120 bpm. This condition is consistent with the following shock phase:
A 60-year-old patient with a history of bronchial asthma has had several attacks during the day. What is the optimal drug to be used for their prevention?
A 12-year-old child is of short stature, has disproportionate body structure and mental retardation. These characteristics might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following hormone:
An injured person with a wound of forearm radial surface has been brought to a surgical department. Venous bleeding of the wound is observed. What blood vessel is damaged?
A patient has been diagnosed with bacillary dysentery. What drug of those listed below should be prescribed?
A patient with acute retention of urine has been brought to an admission room. During examination a doctor found out that the patient has urethral obturation caused by pathology of the surrounding organ. Name this organ.
A patient underwent lobectomy of the right middle lobe of a lung. What segments of the lung were affected?
A patient was taken to a hospital with dizziness, dry mouth, mydriatic pupils, accommodation disorder, tachycardia, difficult urination, intestinal atony. These symptoms might have been caused by overdose of the following drug:
A connective tissue preparation stained with hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenous cell groups surrounded with basophilic intercellular substance. No fibrous structures detected. What type of connective tissue is it?
A patient has addressed a doctor with complaint of gastric ulcer exacerbation. The following membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked in the course of the patient's complex therapy:
A 36-year-old patient consulted an ophthalmologist about eye ache. The examination revealed the erosion of the cornea, that is the lack of superficial and spinous layers of the epithelium.What cells will provide regeneration of the damaged epithelium?
A 25-year-old woman has died when giving birth. The histological study of her kidneys has revealed the following in the epithelium of nephron tubules: condensation of nucleus chromatin, nuclei breaking down into lumps, and lysis, along with plasmorrhexis and cytolysis. What pathologic process was revealed in the epithelium of kidney tubules?
A 43-year-old female complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympatheticadrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone:
A 30-year-old driver complains of allergic rhinitis that usually excerbates in spring. He has been administered an antihistamine drug with a slight sedative effect and 24-hour period of action. Which of the listed drugs has been administered?
A patient suffers from a severe lifethreatening generalised septic infection. What group of chemotherapeutical drugs should be prescribed in this case?
A patient, who had been eating only polished rice, developed polyneuritis caused by thiamine deficiency. What compound can be indicative of this kind of avitaminosis when excreted with urine?
As a result of treatment of viral RNA with nitrous acid, UCA triplet mutated to UGA triplet. What kind of mutation occurred?
To prevent possible negative effect upon the gastric mucsa a patient with rheumatoid arthritis was administered a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug - a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Specify this drug:
A 46-year-old patient consulted a doctor about pustular rash on the skin of the limbs. What antiseptic should be administered to the patient?
As a result of dysfunction of protein synthesis in liver a patient with hepatic insufficiency has disturbed synthesis of procoagulants, prothrombin, fibrinogen. Which of the listed syndromes can be expected in this patient?
A patient suffering from stenocardia takes 100 mg of acetylsalicilic acid daily. What is the effect of acetylsalicilic acid in this patient?
A 49-year-old male patient with myocardial infarction has been admitted to the cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?
In the area being the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man presented to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation relates to the following type of vaccines:
In Western Europe nearly half of all congenital malformations occur in the children conceived in the period when pesticides were used extensively in the region. Those congenital conditions result from the following influence:
Tooth extraction in a patient with chronic persistent hepatitis was complicated by a prolonged bleeding. What is the cause of hemorrhagic syndrome?
A patient has been hospitalized with skull trauma. His examination established absence of volitional movements of his head and neck muscles. What part of brain can cause this effect if damaged?
A 12-year-old male patient has tetanic convulsions. Which gland function may be impaired in this case?
A 45-year-old female patient has neurosis with irritability, insomnia, amotivational anxiety. What tranquilizer will be able to eliminate all symptoms of the disease?
A patient presented to a hospital with complaints about quick fatigability and significant muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes functional disorder of receptors in the neuromuscular synapses. This will result in the disturbed activity of the following mediator:
A preparation of endocrine gland demonstrates cortical and medullary substances divided with connective tissue layer. In the cortical substance parenchyma cells make up three zones: they form rounded clusters in the superficial zone, parallel strands in the middle one, and in the deep zone cell strands form net-like structure.What gland is it?
Orthodontic treatment of a child proved to be ineffective due to the chronic mouth breathing since the nasal breathing is impaired. This is caused by the hypertrophy of the following tonsils:
A patient complains of feeling of pain in his upper jaw and teeth. Physical examinations reveals painful feeling when supraorbital incisure area is pressed. What nerve is damaged?
A patient with mandibular osteomyelitis shows the signs of plexus dentalis inferior damage and innervation disruption of his mandibular teeth and gums.What nerve provides this innervation with its branches?
A patient has some vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis.What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?
Periodontitis induces the development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as an increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?
Osteolaterism is characterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by much less intensive formation of cross-links in the collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by hypoactivity of the following enzyme:
After the transfusion of the concentrated red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading mechanism of acute renal failure in this case?
A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity was tested. In 30 seconds full-body fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0 mm Hg, followed by cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in patient?
A young man has the following symptoms: purulent acne on the face; wrinkled, hyperemic skin; eyebrows and eyelashes are falling out. A doctor has made a diagnosis of demodicosis (demodectic mange). What preventive measures can be recommended?
An oncological patient had been administered methotrexate. With time target cells of the tumour lost sensitivity to this drug. At the same time the change in gene expression of the following enzyme is observed:
A patient has secretory dysfunction of the submandibular salivary galnd. Which nerve is responsible for its vegetative innervation?
A patient complains of decreased abilty to produce proper pressure with his masticatory muscles. What method of study allows checking the patient's complaint?
A child is 6 years old. The permanent teeth have started to take the place of the primary teeth. What teeth are the first to emerge?
Examination of the oral mucosa revaled a small nodule with papillary surface. Histological examination revealed conjugate papillary proliferations of stratified squamous epithelium without cellular atypism and underlying stroma represented by thin-walled vessels and loose connective tissue. What formation has developed in a patient?
A 9-year-old child has multiple lesions of the oral mucosa in form of small painful hyperemic sores with a white deposit in the center; enlarged and painful submandibular lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the affected region revealed a superficial defect covered by fibrin; edematic and hyperemic submucosa with inflammatory infiltration. What is the most likely diagnosis?
An irregular-shaped dense grey and white focus has appeared on the patient's oral cavity mucosa, raising above mucosa surface. The patient considers it to be denture-caused damage of mucosa. Microscopy has revealed the following: hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis of stratified epithelium of mucosa; underlaying connective tissue has lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. What pathology is it?
After restoration of maxllary incisors with artificial crowns a 44-year-old female was found to have a brownish overgrowth in form of a node of 15 mm in diameter. Histological study revealed that under the stratified squamous epithelium of gingiva there was a connective tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels, ovalshaped mononuclear cells forming osteoid substance, and polynuclear giant cells that destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw.What is the most likely diagnosis?
A rounded whitish-pink tumor node with diameter of 6 cm has been removed from uterine cavity. Microscopy revealed it to consist of chaotically arranged smooth muscle fibers with large amount of stroma threaded through with nerves and blood vessels. What diagnosis is most probable?
.Wilson's disease is a disorder of copper transport which leads to the accumulation of this metal in brain and liver cells. It is associated with a disturbance in the synthesis of the following protein:
The patient's examination in a hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by damage of the following brain structures:
A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria). Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/l. What hormone can be the cause of this if its secretion is disturbed?
During AB0 blood grouping by using coliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), haemagglutination did not occur with any of the coliclons. What is the blood group of the patient under examination?
A newborn boy has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus. Doctors consider it to be caused by teratogenic factors. What germ layers are affected by teratogen?
During ventricular systole the muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:
A patient is diagnosed with acute morphine hydrochloride poisoning. Choose the oxidant drug to be prescribed for gastric lavage.
After arriving in the polar region, researchers from Australia have complained of nervous disorders, loss of appetite, aggravation of chronic diseases for 6 months. What process has been disrupted in extreme conditions?
Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following "all-ornone" law and being able of undecremental spreading. Specify this potential:
A woman with A (II), Rh-negative blood had a child with B (III), Rh-positive blood. The child was diagnosed with congenital anaemia of newborns. What is the most likely cause of its development?
Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically got infectious diseases of bacterial origin, their course was extremely lingering, remissions were short. Examination revealed low level of major classes of immunoglobulins. The direct cause of this phenomenon may be the following cell dysfunction:
A patient is diagnosed with pancreatic diabetes with associated hyperglycemia. Glycemia rate can be assessed retrospectively (4-8 weeks prior to examination) by measuring concentration of the following blood plasma protein:
When examining a patient with a suspicion of food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he had eaten the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?
A histological preparation of multirooted tooth reveals polygonal cells with processes in the root bifurcation area.What cells and what dental tissues are characterised by these morphologic features?
A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks' gestation was admitted to the maternity ward. Examination revealed that the cervix was open, but uterine contractions were absent. The doctor gave her a hormonal drug to induce labor. Specify this drug:
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?
Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperature. What substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of feverinducing mechanism?
Phenylketonuria is a disease caused by a recessive gene that is localized in the autosome. The parents are heterozygous for this gene. They already have two sons with phenylketonuria and one healthy daughter. What is the probability that their fourth child will have the disease too?
X-chromatin test of somatic cells is used for quick diagnostics of hereditary diseases caused by variations of sex chromosomes number. What is the karyotype of a male, whose cells mostly contain one X-chromatin body?
A 32-year-old patient has B2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and corneal lesions are most likely to be caused by the deficiency of:
A female patient suffering from coronary artery disease has been prescribed amiodarone that has antianginal action. What other action does this drug have?
n order to prevent massive haemorrhage in the region of oral cavity floor it is required to ligate an artery which is located within Pirogov's triangle. What artery is it?
Histological study of a microslide of human skin found only dense irregular connective tissue.Which layer of this organ was analysed?
A patient has been preliminarily diagnosed with paragonimiasis. This disease is caused by lung flukes. The causative agent entered into the patient's body through:
A shepherd who has tended sheep together with dogs consulted a doctor about pain in his right subcostal area, nausea, vomiting. Roentgenoscopy revealed a tumour-like formation.What kind of helminthiasis might be suspected?
A preparation of intestine reveals complex branching tubuloalveolar glands with their ends in submucous layer. What organ is it?
After examining the patient the doctor recommended him to eliminate rich meat and vegetable broth, spices, smoked products from the diet, since the patient was found to have:
A 60-year-old patient has taken a drug to relieve angina pectoris attack; in several minutes pain felt in the breastbone area abated, but it was followed by feeling of vertigo, headache, tinnitus, and hyperemia of face.What drug has he taken?
A young couple has a child with encephalopathy. A doctor determined this disease to be caused by mitochondrial DNA disorder. In what way are mitochondrial pathologies inherited?
When examining a female patient a doctor observed the following: misshapen auricles, elevated palate, teeth growth disorder; mental retardation; no disruption of reproductive function. Provisional diagnosis is the "super woman"syndrome. Point out the karyotype of this disease.
A patient has temporal bone fracture caused by an accident.What muscle functioning is disrupted?
Peripheral nerve trauma causes muscle atrophy; bones become porous and brittle; sores appear on skin and mucosa. What function of nervous system is damaged?
Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?
A patient with acute cardiac failure has been taking cardiac glycoside drug for a long time. He has developed the following symptoms: nausea, fatigue, extrasystole. What is the cause of this symptoms?
Preventive examination of a 55- year-old patient revealed type II diabetes mellitus. An endocrinologist revealed an increase in body weight and liver enlargement. The man is non-smoker and doesn't abuse alcohol but likes to have a good meal. Histological examination by means of diagnostic liver puncture revealed that the hepatocytes were enlarged mostly on the lobule periphery, their cytoplasm had transparent vacuoles showing positive reaction with sudan III. What liver pathology was revealed?
Squamous part of temporal bone and the artery situated on its inner surface have been damaged in the result of inflicted gunshot wound.What artery is it?
Activation of certain hemostasis system factors is done through calcium ions attachment. What structural component allows this attachment?
Tooth temperature increases during its preparation due to dental borer friction, which may cause painful sensations. What is the threshold of teeth thermal sensitivity?
A patient suffering from pericarditis with rapid progression has developed acute cardiac tamponade. What regulation mechanism is most likely to compensate for this pathology?
A patient with incised wound of trapezius muscle has been referred to a traumatology department. What cervical fascia forms sheath of this muscle?
A 64-year-old male patient died with symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure. Autopsy results: the section of the anterior wall of the left ventricle showed a yellowish flaccid 1,5-2 cm focus surrounded by a reddish rim. The convoluted coronary arteries had lumen irregularly narrowed by 75%. The vessel intima was thickened, dense, covered with whitish plaques, crunched when cut. What disease can you think of?
A 36-year-old patient underwent tooth extraction at a dental clinic. After two weeks the stratified squamous epithelium regenerated at this site. What organelles were involved in the restoration of the mucous membrane?
A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?
A 36-year-old patient had had a traumatic brain injury which caused a swallowing impairment. Which part of brain was affected?
A 43-year-old patient has acute pancreatitis with concomitant disruption of common bile duct patency. What condition can it result in?
An inflammatory process in tissues is characterised by hyperemia and edema. What leukocytes situated in connective tissue provide for vasodilatation and increased blood vessel capacity under these conditions?
Postmortem examination of a patient with a long history of rheumatism revealed thickening and shortening of the mitral valve leaflets with abundant thrombotic deposits. Histological examination of the valve leaflets confirmed sclerosis and revealed multiple foci of connective tissue disorganization in form of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, as well as deendothelization foci. Endothelium defects were covered with thrombotic deposits of 1-2 mm. What type of valvular endocarditis is the case?
Autopsy of a dead 6-year-old child revealed a marked edema of the soft tissues of neck and enlarged tonsils. Pharyngeal mucosa was covered with numerous dense whitish-yellow pellicles exposing deep ulcers after their removal. Histological examination of the pharyngeal mucosa revealed necrosis of the upper epithelial layers, impregnation of the mucous memrane with the fibrinous exudate and moderate leukocyte infiltration. What infectious disease caused the death of the child?
A patient was suffering from primary tuberculosis 5 years ago. Radiography has revealed a sharply marginated nodular shadow with diameter of 4 cm in the 2nd segment of the right lung. Focus was surgically removed. Histological study has revealed the following: the focus of caseous necrosis surrounded by the thick capsule of connective tissue. What kind of secondary tuberculosis has occurred in patient?
When examining the child's oral cavity, a dentist has noticed growth of the child's first permanent canines. How old is the child?
alcification of dental tissues is significantly influenced by osteocalcin protein which has an ability to bind calcium ions due to the presence of the following modified amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain:
A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?
An autopsy of the body of a 56-yearold man, who was suffering from secondary tuberculosis, has revealed large areas of sclerosis in the I-II segments of the right lung. Tissue surrounding affected areas is pale, soft, convex; crunches when cut; does not recede. Specify the changes occuring in the tissues surrounding sclerosis focus.
Microscopy of dental plaque revealed unicellular organisms. Their cytoplasm had two distinct layers, barely visible core, wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have:
The patient's condition after blood transfusion has been aggravated by posttransfusion shock. Name the type of allergic reaction causing this pathology.
Patient's eye accomodation process has been disrupted.What muscle is damaged?
A histological specimen represents an organ whose wall consists of the mucosa, submucosa, fibrocartilage and adventitious cartilage. The organ is lined by pseudostratified ciliary epithelium, the muscular layer of the mucosa is absent, the submucosa contains seromucous glands. Hyaline cartilage C-rings are present.What organ has the described morphological characteristics?
Continuous treatment of cancer patients with methotrexate over time reduces the target cell's sensitivity to the drug. In this case gene amplification of the following enzyme is observed:
To conduct serum diagnostics of typhoid fever a test is carried out, when diagnosticums of three types of microorganisms are being added into different solutions of patient's serum; then agglutinate formation is checked. Name the author of this kind of test.
In course of an experiment researchers stimulate a branch of a sympathetic nerve that innervates heart. What changes in cardiac activity should be registered?
A patient has chronic rhinitis. Nasal cavity mucosa swelling causes disruption of the olfactory nerve receptors placed in the nasal cavity olfactory region.What formation allows for olfactory nerve endings to enter into anterior cranial fossa?
Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procariotic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of division. Name this process.
An isolated heart of a mammal has had diastolic arrest in the process of perfusion with an ion-rich solution. Solution had excess of the following ions:
A patient with hypoparathyreosis has multiple carious lesions of teeth. This pathology is caused by insufficiency of the following hormone:
As a result of a rapid change from horizontal to vertical body position a 16- year-old girl lost consciousness.What is the reason for it?
A patient has myocardial infarction. The first several hours of such medical condition will be characterized by significant increase of activity of the following enzyme in his blood serum:
A 54-year-old patient with viral hepatitis has complication of hepatic coma caused by massive necrosis of liver epithelial cells. What kind of hepatic coma is it characteristic of?
A 9-month-old infant is on bottle feeding. Formula used in feeding has insufficient content of vitamin B6. The infant has seizures possibly caused by disruption in production of the following substance in the body:
Novocaine acts as an anesthetic by making nerve fibers unable to conduct stimulation. What mechanism of action regarding membrane's permeability to ions does this drug have?
There is a 7-year-old child with complains of cough, lacrimation, rhinitis, skin rash, photophobia and three-day-long fever as high as 38°C. Physical examination has revealed the following: conjunctivitis; bright red maculopapular rash covering the skin of face, neck and torso; hyperemic pharynx; serous purulent secretions from the nose; dry rales in the lungs. What is the most probable diagnosis?