Крок 1 · Стоматологія 2016 · Англійська

Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain parasitic protozoa. It is determined that they relate to the Sarcodina class. Specify these singlecelled organisms:

A puncture sample taken from the lymph node of a patient with preliminary diagnosis of protozoan disease has been investigated. The preparation was processed with Giemsa stain and the following was detected: crescent-shaped bodies with pointed tips, blue cytoplasm and red nuclei. What protozoa have been detected in the preparation?

It is necessary to perform urinary bladder catheterization of an adult man. Resistance to the catheter can occur in the following structure or part of urethra:

A woman addressed a dentist with complains of bruise and swelling around her eye. Anamnesis is as follows: several days prior her 1st premolar tooth had been extracted, with infraorbital anesthesia administered; several days later hematoma appeared in the area of foramen intraorbitale. Branch of the following artery was damaged:

A patient consulted a doctor about difficult chewing. On examination he was found to have atrophy of the right temporal muscle and masticatory muscles. Upon opening the mouth, the patient's jaw deviates to the left. What nerve is affected?

Examination of a 23-year-old patient reveals that, when his tongue is protruded, its tip deviates to the side. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following tongue muscle:

It is required to anaesthetize right lower molars. The proper injection site for the conduction anaesthesia is:

A patient consulted a doctor about an inflammation of the ethmoid bone cells (ethmoiditis). Examination revealed the disorder of blood supply to the bone. Ethmoidal cells are normally supplied with blood through the branches of the following artery:

Due to a cranial trauma leading to damage of the eye socket superior wall a patient has lost the ability to lift the upper eyelid and look upwards. What nerve is most likely damaged?

A woman with a tumour of the pancreas has developed mechanic jaundice due to compression of a bile-excreting duct. Which duct is compressed?

On the longitudinal section of a tooth there are tubules visible in the dentin. What is inside these tubules?

Study of the histological specimen of a baby's primary tooth revealed hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of enamel. This abnormality is caused by the disruptions in the activity of the following cells:

Proliferation of connective tissue in the parenchyma of liver (fibrosis) caused by chronic diseases is typically accompanied by an impairment of blood circulation in the classic lobules. What is the direction of blood flow in these lobules?

A histological preparation shows organ, where lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymph nodules, medullary cords and lymphatic sinuses.What organ is it?

During formation of mantle dentin in a deciduous tooth there occurred a disruption of odontoblast secretory activity. Such disruption will affect the formation of the following fibers:

A microspecimen of heart shows rectangular cells from 50 to 120 micrometer large with central position of nucleus and developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by intercalated discs. These cells are responsible for the following function:

Histological investigation of a 40-year-old man's thymus revealed the following: decreased part of parenchymatous elements, increased part of adipose and loose connective tissues, high concentration of thymic bodies with total organ weight remaining the same. Name this phenomenon:

A heart microslide demonstrates cells in the shape of pale chords, which have few myofibrilla, glycogen inclusions and eccentric nuclei. Name these cells:

In the preparation of a 10-day-old human embryo there are 2 contacting sacs visible (amniotic and vitelline). Name the structure situated at the place of the contact:

Apatient has petechial hemorrhages on the gums, hard and soft palate, buccal mucosa. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following blood corpuscles:

A patient with gastric juice hypersecretion has been recommended to exclude from the diet rich broths and vegetable infused water. A doctor recommended it, because these food products stimulate production of the following hormone:

After a hemorrhage into the brainstem a patient has lost reflex of myosis as a reaction to increase of illumination. What structure was damaged?

An oculist detected increased time of darkness adaptation of a patient's eye. What vitamin deficiency can cause such symptom?

Examination of a patient revealed dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. What vitamin deficiency is the cause of this condition?

A woman has scalded her hand with boiling water. The affected area of her skin became red, swollen and painful. This effect is caused by accumulation of the following substance:

There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, thus leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is:

A pregnant woman developed severe toxemia with exhausting recurrent vomiting throughout a day. By the end of the day she developed tetanic convulsions and bodily dehydration. The described changes were caused by the following type of acid-base disbalance:

A 49-year-old patient was found to have a disproportionate enlargement of hands, feet, nose, ears, superciliary arches and cheek bones. Blood test revealed hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance. What is the most likely cause of this pathology development?

A patient suffers from mutation of a gene that corresponds with hemoglobin synthesis. This condition led to development of sicklecell disease. Name the pathological hemoglobin characteristic of this disease:

A patient, who had suffered severe blood loss three days ago, underwent blood test. The following data was obtained in leukogram: leukocytes 12 × 109/l, basophils - 0, eosinophils 3, myelocytes - 0, juvenile - 3, stab neutrophils - 12, segmented neutrophils - 62, lymphocytes - 16, monocytes 4. What change of leukocyte content occurred in this case?

After the traumatic tooth extraction a patient is complaining of severe dull poorly-localized pain in gingiva, body temperature rise up to 37, 5oC. The patient has been diagnosed with alveolitis. Specify the kind of pain in this patient:

Due to recurring vomiting a patient has lost significant amount of gastric juice, which led to development of acidbase dysbalance.What type of acid-base dysbalance has developed?

Microscopy of an extracted tooth has revealed a focus of enamel destruction at the dentinoenamel junction. Within this focus accumulation of microorganisms occurs; calcium salts disappear from enamel columns; intercolumn substance and enamel columns are partially destroyed. What diagnosis is the most likely?

A patient with a long history of chronic periodontitis underwent removal of a maxillary cyst located at the root of the affected tooth. Microscopy shows that the bone wall is made up of fibrous tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. The inner surface of the cyst is covered with stratified squamous epithelium with no signs of keratinization. What is the most likely diagnosis?

An autopsy of the body of an elderly man, who was suffering from acute intestinal disorder during his last 2 weeks of life, has revealed the following change in the rectum and sigmoid colon: brown and green film covering the mucosa is detected. The itestinal wall is thickened; the cavity sharply narrows down. Microscopy reveals mucosa necrosis of varying depth, necrotic tissue is pierced through with fibrin threads, leucocytic infiltration is observed. What diagnosis is the most probable?

Macroscopic examination of lung tissue revealed areas of high airiness with small bubbles. Histological examination revealed thinning and rupture of alveolar septa accompanied by formation of large diversiform cavities. What disease was revealed in the lung?

A 28-year-old patient had been diagnosed with multifragmental fracture of the right hip. On the third day after the injury he began to complain of pain in the right side of the chest, difficult respiration. One day later the patient died of progressive heart and respiratory failure. Histological study of the pulmonary and cerebral blood vessels revealed orange sudanophilic droplets that completely obstructed the vessels of microvasculature. What complication caused the death of the patient?

Autopsy of a man who had tuberculosis revealed a 3x2 cm large cavity in the superior lobe of the right lung. The cavity was interconnected with a bronchus, its wall was dense and consisted of three layers: the internal layer was pyogenic, the middle layer was composed of tuberculous granulation tissue and the external one was consisted of connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Autopsy of a man who died from ethylene glycol poisoning revealed that his kidneys are a little bit enlarged, edematic; their capsule can be easily removed. Cortical substance is broad and light-grey. Medullary substance is dark-red. What pathology had this man?

While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci resembling coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads. Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:

In a microslide of the patient's regional lymph node stained with Giemsa method a doctor detected thin microorganisms with 12-14 uniform tendrils with pointed tips, 10-13 micrometers in length, pale pink in color. In this case they can be identified as infectious agents of the following disease:

There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends situated in the shape of the Roman numeral five. What infection can be suspected in this case?

In a maternity hospital a newborn should receive vaccination against tuberculosis. What vaccine should be chosen?

A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis. A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemes and causing their death. What reaction was used to make the diagnosis?

A 50-year-old patient with hypertensive crisis had been administered magnesium sulfate, which led to abrupt decrease in blood pressure. The side effects of magnesium sulfate can be prevented if the following drug is administered:

A schizophrenic patient has been prescribed aminazine. What pharmacodynamic action of this drug justifies its prescription in this case?

A patient has a slowly healing fracture. What medicine can be used to accelerate formation of connective tissue matrix?

A 17-year-old girl has attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on phenobarbital. Upon arrival at the site an emergency doctor urgently performed gastric lavage on the patient and introduced bemegride and solution of sodium hydrocarbonate intravenously. The doctor introduced sodium hydrocarbonate to:

Genetic information is stored in DNA but does not participate directly in protein synthesis within DNA cells. What process ensures transfer of genetic information into polypeptide chain?

A woman who had been consuming alcohol excessively during her pregnancy had a child with cleft palate and upper lip. These presentations are indicative of some chromosomal anomalies. What process do they result from?

A 67-year-old patient has ordered a full functional denture. It was necessary to extract the left upper canine. After infraorbital anesthesia the patient presented with a progressing hematoma in the frontal part of the face. The patient was found to have an injury of an artery that is the branch of:

A patient has sustained a traumatic injury of the greater pectoral muscle. This resulted in the decrease of:

A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomy. The kidney resembles a thin-walled sac filled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis:

The contents of vesicles that appeared on the mucous membrane of a patient with variola has been sent to a virological laboratory. Which of the listed changes were revealed during the smear microscopy?

A child with signs of rickets has been prescribed a certain liposoluble vitamin drug by pediatrician and dentist. This drug affects the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the body and facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine. If its content in the body is insufficient, there develop disruptions of ossification process, dental structure and occlusion. Name this drug:

During bacteriological examination of the purulent discharge obtained from a postoperative wound an inoculation on meat infusion agar has been performed. The inoculation has resulted in large colorless mucous colonies that in 24 hours with exposure to sunlight developed green-blue pigmentation and smell of honey or jasmine. Bacterioscopy revealed gram-negative lophotrichea. What bacterial culture is contained in purulent discharge?

Due to a stroke (cerebral hemorrhage) a patient has lost the ability of voluntary movement of the head and neck muscles. Brain examination revealed the hematoma to be situated within the genu of internal capsule. What conduction pathway is damaged?

A woman presents with ovarian hyperaemia, increased permeability of the blood-follicle barrier with development of edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in volume. Its wall is thickened. The described situation is typical for the following period of the sex cycle:

The total number of leukocytes in the patient's blood is 90 × 109/l. Leukogram: eosinophils - 0%, basophils - 0%, juvenile - 0%, stab neutrophils - 2%, segmented neutrophils - 20%, lymphoblasts - 1%, prolymphocytes 2%, lymphocytes - 70%, monocytes 5%, Botkin-Gumprecht cells. Clinical examination revealed enlarged cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. Such clinical presentations are typical of the following pathology:

A patient has a history of chronic heart failure. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is a major symptom of cardiac decompensation development?

After a serious psychoemotional stress a 48-year-old patient suddenly developed acute heart ache irradiating to the left arm. Nitroglycerine relieved the pain attack after 10 minutes. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism of this process development?

A patient with chronic hepatitis complains of increased sensitivity to barbiturates that previously induced no symptoms of intoxication. What hepatic function is disrupted and primarily responsible for such reaction in this patient?

Having completed work in a laboratory, a student must tidy up the workspace, perform disinfection of the workbench and tools. What chemicals should be used for disinfection?

A histological preparation of cerebellum transverse section shows large number of multipolar neurons in the grey matter. What morphological feature allows to identify them as multipolar?

A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme:

A 56-year-old woman is registrated with a psychoneurologic dispensary due to her suffering from epilepsy, specifically, minor attacks (pti mal).What drug is the most efficient in this case?

Glucose content of blood keeps at sufficient level after one week of starvation. Is it caused by activation of the following process:

A 60-year-old patient with a history of bronchial asthma has had several attacks during the day. What is the optimal drug to be used for attacks prevention?

In the armpits of a patient there are small (1-1,5 mm), dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, blood-sucking insects. Their larvae developed in the armpits too. What disease is caused by these insects?

A student, who unexpectedly met his girlfriend, developed an increase in systemic arterial pressure. This pressure change was caused by the intensified realization of the following reflexes:

After the exposure to ionizing radiation a person was found to have a decreased blood granulocyte level. What mechanism underlies these changes?

A patient with acute retention of urine has been brought to an admission room. During examination a doctor found out that the patient has urethral obturation caused by pathology of the surrounding organ. Name this organ.

A connective tissue preparation stained with hematoxylin-eosin shows isogenous cell groups surrounded with basophilic intercellular substance. No fibrous structure can be detected. What type of connective tissue is it?

What factor results in maximal dilation of the gemomicrocirculatory pahtway vessels and their increased permeability?

A 46-year-old patient consulted an oculist about drooping of the upper eyelid. On examination he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. The pathological process must have affected the nuclei of the following pair of cranial nerves:

A 36-year-old patient consulted an ophthalmologist about eye ache. The examination revealed the erosion of the cornea, specifically, the lack of superficial and spinous layers of the epithelium. What cells will provide regeneration of the damaged epithelium?

On the 4th day of treatment with diclofenac sodium a 55-year-old patient has developed gastric hemorrhage due to an ulcer appearing on the gastric mucosa. Ulcerogenic action of this drug is caused by decreased secretion of:

A 43-year-old woman complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympathetic-adrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone:

During examination a patient presents with the following: hypertrophy and inflammation of lymphoid tissue, mucosa swelling between the arches of the soft palate. What tonsil is situated there?

Cytochemical investigation has revealed high content of hydrolytic enzymes in cytoplasm. This phenomenon indicates high activity of the following organelles:

A patient suffering from parkinsonism has been prescribed levodopa, which resulted in rapid improvement of the patient's condition. What mechanism of action is characteristic of this drug?

A blood test was performed for a patient with allergic rhinitis. Blood smear stained after Romanowsky reveals large number of cells with the following structure: segmented nucleus consists of 2-3 segments; cytoplasm is filled with bright-pink oxyphil granularity; granules are large. Name these cells:

For several days a 55-year-old woman has been suffering from pain attacks in the right upper quadrant after eating fatty foods. Visually, there is yellowness of sclera and skin. The patient has acholic stool, beer-colored urine. What substance present in the patient's urine causes its dark color?

A patient with diabetes mellitus has been delivered to a hospital unconscious. BP is low, Kussmaul's respiration is observed, the smell of acetone can be detected from the patient's mouth. What mechanism is leading in the coma development in this case?

A 45-year-old woman has addressed a doctor with complaints of rapid mood swings, tearfulness, apathy. Antidepressants prescribed for her treatment are monoamine oxidase inhibitors. These drugs have a certain effect on catecholamines, which results in their medicinal action. Name this effect:

Pupil dilation occurs when a person steps from a light room into a dark one. What reflex causes such reaction?

A 49-year-old man with myocardial infarction has been admitted to a cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?

A patient with limb fracture should be prescribed a depolarizing muscle relaxant for brief surgical invasion. Name this drug:

In the area that is the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man arrived at a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation belongs to the following type of vaccines:

A 25-year-old man presents with tumourous growth situated in the area of the body of the maxilla, which results in face deformation. Biopsy material consists of fibrous tissue containing juvenile bone trabeculae, spindle and stellate cells. There is no clear margin between the normal bone tissue and lesion focus, capsule is absent. No pathologic changes can be detected in the other organs. Make the diagnosis:

In Western Europe nearly half of all congenital malformations occur in the children conceived in the period, when pesticides were used extensively in the region. Those congenital conditions result from the following influence:

A 40-year-old woman suffering from diffuse toxic goiter presents with constant increase of her body temperature. What mechanism results in such clinical presentation?

A 19-year-old young man has been examined in a nephrological hospital. Increased potassium content was detected in secondary urine of the patient. Such changes have been most likely caused by the increased secretion of the following hormone:

A person with dental disease cannot always pinpoint the location of the affected tooth. What principle of excitatory diffusion in nerve centers causes such phenomenon?

Injection of an anaesthetic before the tooth extraction resulted in development of anaphylactic shock accompanied by oliguria. What pathogenetic mechanism caused the decrease in diuresis in this case?

A patient has vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis. What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?

A patient complains of toothache. On examination he has been diagnosed with pulpitis. Which factor played the main pathogenic role in the development of pain syndrome in this case?

Periodontitis induces development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection?

Osteolaterism is charcterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by significantly less intensive formation of cross-links in collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by the low activity of the following enzyme:

On examination a patient was revealed to have a large amount of mucus accumulated in the nasal cavity. The mucus covers the mucosa and blocks the olfactory receptors. Where exactly are these receptors situated in a nasal cavity?

A histological specimen of kidney shows a structure consisting of a glomerulus of fenestrated capillaries and a bilayer epithelial capsule. Specify this structure:

A patient with symptoms of acute heart failure, namely pallor, acrocyanosis and rapid shallow breathing, has been delivered to an emergency department. Which of these drugs is indicated in this case?

After the transfusion of the concentrated red blood cells the patient developed posttransfusion shock. What is the leading mechanism of the acute renal failure in this case?

A victim of an earthquake has been remaining under debris for 7 days without food or water. What type of starvation is it?

A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity was tested. In 30 seconds fullbody fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0mm Hg followed by cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in the patient?

A 78-year-old patient suffering from atherosclerosis has been delivered to a surgical ward with signs of acute abdomen. Laparoscopy revealed blackened and flaccid small intestine loops; demarcation line is not clear. Diagnose the changes that occurred in the patient's small intestine:

A histological specimen of mandible of an embryo shows a tooth germ with the dental papilla made up of small stellate basophilic cells. What tissue forms this part of the tooth germ?

During examination of a child's oral cavity a dentist noted the appearance of the first permanent molars on the child's lower jaw. How old is the child?

Examination of a 29-year-old patient revealed a dense, immobile, illdefined tumor-like formation in the lower jaw. The overlying mucosa was pale. Biopsy of the neoplasm revealed osteoid structures lined with atypical osteoblasts; numerous pathologic mitotic figures; a great number of thinwalled vessels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Microscopic examination of a skin tumor revealed that it invaded the underlying tissue, destroyed it and formed nests and cords of atypical epithelium, which include pearl-like formations. Specify the tumor:

A child is 6 years old. The permanent teeth have started to take the place of the primary teeth. What teeth are the first to emerge?

Histological examination of the myocardium of a 47-year-old patient with rheumatic heart disease (section material) revealed big visually empty vacuoles within the cardiomyocytes. They turn black, when stained with osmic acid, and yellow-red, when stained with sudan III. What pathological process is it?

A 38-year-old woman complains of bleeding gums, halitosis, exposure of tooth necks. Objectively: the patient has gingivitis, plaque and tartar. Inflammation involves the alveolar part of gingiva with dental pockets. The bone tissue exhibits signs of bone resorption. What pathology does the patient have?

Vestibular surface of the left lower incisor has a pink fungoid formation up to 2 cm large, which is fixed to the supra-alveolar tissue by a wide pedicle. Histological examination revealed branched capillary vessels with multiple hemorrhages and foci of hemosiderosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Routine investigation of microbiological sanitary condition of air in a hospital is performed once in 3 months. What microorganism is the sanitary indicator of air condition in an enclosed space?

In the course of evolution there developed molecular mechanisms for correction of damaged DNA molecules. This process is called:

The patient's examination in a hospital specialised in diseases of nervous system has revealed absence of light-induced miosis. It is caused by the damage of the following brain structures:

A doctor noted in the patient's case history, that the wound entry hole is situated in the submandibular triangle. What anatomical landmark binds this area?

A patient during examination presents with prolongation of the II heart sound. The II heart sound occurs due to:

A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria). Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/l. What hormone can be the cause of this, if its secretion is disturbed?

A patient with heart failure and tachycardia has been prescribed digoxin. After 5 days of taking digoxin the patient's heart rate was normalized. After 2 weeks the patient addressed a doctor due to continuous decrease of heart rate down to 52/min. What phenomenon has caused such changes of heart rate?

A woman suffering from essential hypertension had suddenly lost consciousness; she was delivered to a resuscitation unit in a comatose state with the diagnosis of disturbed cerebral circulation. The patient died one day after her hospitalization. Autopsy revealed a cavity in the left hemisphere of the brain. The cavity is 5x4 cm in size and filled with blood clots and liquid blood. What hemorrhage is it according to the mechanism of its origin?

During AB0 blood grouping by using zoliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), hemagglutination did not occur with any of the zoliclons. What is the blood group of the patient under examination?

Autopsy of a young man revealed lung cavities with inner walls made up of granulation tissue of varying degree of maturity, pronounced pneumosclerosis and bronchiectasis. Some cavities had caseation areas.What is your presumptive diagnosis?

A 42-year-old woman has been administered propranolol for the ischemic heart disease. Yet she has been found to have a concomitant condition that renders propranolol to be contraindicated. What disease is it?

During exacerbation of peptic gastric ulcer disease a patient complains of heart pain. What vegetative reflex can cause these painful sensations?

A man submerged into the icecold water and died soon as a result of abrupt exposure to cold. In such cases an organism loses heat most intensively by the way of:

A person performs flexionextention movements of the forearm with the elbow resting on a table. What type of muscle contraction occurs in the m.biceps brachii?

A patient is diagnosed with acute morphine hydrochloride poisoning. Choose the oxidant to be prescribed for gastric lavage:

A woman had been taking synthetic hormones during her pregnancy. Her newborn girl presents with excessive hairiness which has formal resemblance to adrenogenital syndrome. This sign of variability is called:

Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following ”all-or-none” law and capable of undecremental spreading. Specify this potential:

A concerned mother addressed a pediatrician with complaints of her child suffering from frequent stomachaches, loss of appetite, nausea, constipation. Feces analysis detected rounded eggs with double capsules and oncospheres localized in their centers. The child was diagnosed with hymenolepiasis. Specify the type of infection transmission, considering that the invasion intensity was extremely high:

Sulfanilamides are applied as antimicrobal agents in clinical practice. Sulfanilamide treatment, however, can result in hemolytic anemia development in patients that suffer from genetic defect of the following enzyme of pentose phosphate metabolism in erythrocytes:

An autopsy is performed on the body of a 58-year-old woman, who suffered from diabetes mellitus. On histological examination of kidneys the following was revealed: segmental homogenous oxyphilic deposits are detected in the glomerules; arteriole walls are diffusely thickened, homogenous, oxyphilic. Diagnose the morphologic changes that occurred in the renal glomerules and vessels:

Under the influence of physical factors there can develop defects in a DNA molecule. Ultraviolet irradiation, for instance, can cause development of dimers.Dimers are two adjacent pyrimidine bases joined together. Name these bases:

For pain relief a patient has taken simultaneously a tablet of paracetamol and a tablet of diclofenac sodium. What type of drug interaction did the patient use for self-treatment?

Ketoacidosis that develops due to accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum is a primary complication of diabetes mellitus. What acid-base disbalance develops during this condition?

During auscultation a 26-year-old patient was asked to breathe deep. After 10 breaths the patient lost consciousness, which is associated with the development of the following condition:

When examining a patient presumptively diagnosed with food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he ate the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?

A patient has an inflammation in the pterygopalatine fossa. The infection has spread into the nasal cavity. Which anatomical structure has the infection spread through?

Phenylketonuria is a disease caused by a recessive gene that is localized in an autosome. Parents are heterozygous for this gene. They already have two sons with phenylketonuria and one healthy daughter. What is the probability that their fourth child will have the disease too?

A 32-year-old patient has B2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and corneal lesions are the most likely to be caused by the deficiency of:

A 40-year-old patient suffers from intolerance of dairy food products. This condition has likely developed due to insufficiency of the following digestive enzyme:

A patient has been diagnosed with severe B12-deficient anemia with hemopoiesis. Anamnesis states total gastrectomy.What cells allow to confirm this diagnosis, if they are absent in the peripheral blood?

In order to prevent wound infection associated with surgical procedures a patient was given a synthetic antiprotozoan drug with a high activity against Helicobacter pylori. Specify this drug:

Roentgenologically confirmed an obstruction of common bile duct that prevents bile from inflowing to the duodenum. What process is likely to be disturbed?

A doctor examines a 17-year-old girl. The following is detected: pharyngitis, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever. The preliminary diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis.Whatmethod of investigation allows to confirm this diagnosis at the disease onset?

A 60-year-old patient has taken a drug to relieve angina pectoris attack; in several minutes the pain felt in the breastbone area abated, but it was followed by feeling of vertigo, headache, tinnitus, and hyperemia of face. What drug has the patient taken?

For relief of hypertensive crisis a doctor has administered a patient a drug that apart from antihypertensive effect has also sedative, spasmolytic and anticonvulsive action. The drug was taken parenterally. When it is taken enterally it acts as a laxative and cholagogue. What drug was administered?

A 13-year-old girl has been prescribed a certain drug for treatment of megaloblastic anemia. This drug stimulates a transfer from megaloblastic haemopoiesis to normoblastic, participates in synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, activates proteine and methionine synthesis. What drug does the patient take?

A patient in a grave condition has been delivered into an admission ward. Examination revealed pupil mydriasis, no reaction to the light, considerable reddening and dryness of skin and mucous membranes. What drug might have caused the intoxication symptoms?

When examining a female patient a doctor observed the following: misshapen auricles, elevated palate, teeth growth disorder; mental retardation; no disruption of reproductive function. Provisional diagnosis is the "super woman"syndrome. Point out the karyotype of this disease:

Histological preparation of skin demonstrates dense unformed connective tissue. What layer of this organ is formed by such tissue?

During ascent into mountains at the altitude of 5000 meters the group of climbers has developed the following complaints: dyspnea, increased heart rate, headache, vertigo, tinnitus.What is the cause of such symptoms?

As a result of an injury a child developed an abscess of the buccal adipose tissue. With time the process spread to the lateral surface of pharynx. Pus spread along the following fascia:

The most common disease of economically developed countries is dental caries. Over 95% of population is afflicted with this disease. Carious demineralization of hard dental tissues is caused primarily by:

A patient has been administered conduction anesthesia with novocaine in preparation for tooth extraction. After the anesthesia administration the patient developed swelling and hyperemy around the injection site, skin itch, general fatigue, motor agitation. Name the developed complication:

Due to a contusion suffered in a traffic accident a patient has lost vision. Ophthalmoscopy revealed no changes of the eyeball. What artery is damaged in this case?

During a foot trauma both cuboid and cuneiform bones have been crushed. As a result the foot must be amputated at the following joint: